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TJ-II is a flexible Heliac installed at Spain's [[Laboratorio Nacional de Fusión|National Fusion Laboratory]].  
TJ-II is a flexible Heliac installed at Spain's [[Laboratorio Nacional de Fusión|National Fusion Laboratory]].  
It is one of Spain's [http://www.micinn.es/portal/site/MICINN/menuitem.6f2062042f6a5bc43b3f6810d14041a0/?vgnextoid=cb09846085f90210VgnVCM1000001034e20aRCRD Large Scientific Installations].
It is one of Spain's [https://www.ciencia.gob.es/Organismos-y-Centros/Infraestructuras-Cientificas-y-Tecnicas-Singulares-ICTS.html Unique Scientific and Technical Infrastructures].
It is currently operational.
It is currently operational.


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The flexible Heliac TJ-II was designed on the basis of calculations performed by the team of physicists and engineers of [[CIEMAT]], in collaboration with the Oak Ridge National Laboratory ([http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ORNL ORNL], USA) and the Institut für PlasmaPhysik at Garching ([http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max-Planck-Institut_f%C3%BCr_Plasmaphysik IPP], Germany).
The flexible Heliac TJ-II was designed on the basis of calculations performed by the team of physicists and engineers of [[CIEMAT]], in collaboration with the Oak Ridge National Laboratory ([http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ORNL ORNL], USA) and the Institut für PlasmaPhysik at Garching ([http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max-Planck-Institut_f%C3%BCr_Plasmaphysik IPP], Germany).
<ref>[http://www.ornl.gov/info/reports/1987/3445602635147.pdf T.C. Hender et al, ''Studies of a flexible heliac configuration'', Report ORNL/TM-10374 (1987) OSTI ID: 6007697]</ref>
<ref>T.C. Hender et al, ''Studies of a flexible heliac configuration'', [https://www.osti.gov/biblio/6007697-studies-flexible-heliac-configuration Report ORNL/TM-10374 (1987) OSTI ID: 6007697]</ref>,
The TJ-II project received preferential support from [[Euratom]] for phase I (Physics) in 1986 and for phase II (Engineering) in 1990. The [[TJ-II:Construction|construction of this flexible Heliac]] was carried out in parts according to its constitutive elements, which were commissioned to various European companies, although 60% of the investments reverted back to Spanish companies.
<ref>A. Perea et al., "Physics Issues in the Design of TJ-II, Proc. 12th European Conf. Controlled Fusion and Plasma Physics, Budapest, Hungary, 1985, [http://libero.ipp.mpg.de/libero/PDF/EPS_12_Vol1_1985.pdf ECA Vol. 9F, Part I, p. 433], European Physical Society (1985)</ref>.
The TJ-II project received preferential support from [[Euratom]] for phase I (Physics) in 1986<ref>Application for EURATOM preferential support (Phase I) - TJ-II EXPERIMENT, [https://info.fusion.ciemat.es/InternalReport/fusion_1985.pdf Technical report, Asociación EURATOM/CIEMAT, 1985]</ref> and for phase II (Engineering) in 1990<ref>Application for EURATOM preferential support (Phase II) - TJ-II EXPERIMENT, [https://info.fusion.ciemat.es/InternalReport/fusion_1989b.pdf Technical report, Asociación EURATOM/CIEMAT, 1989]</ref>. The [[TJ-II:Construction|construction of this flexible Heliac]] was carried out in parts according to its constitutive elements, which were commissioned to various European companies, although 60% of the investments reverted back to Spanish companies.


The first plasma was produced in 1999.
The first plasma was produced in 1997.<ref>[http://www.ciemat.es/vertices/vertices-292017/Vertices29/pdf/VERTICES29.pdf Special issue of CIEMAT's magazine ''Vertices''] commemorating 20 years of experiments (December, 2017)</ref>


== Precedents ==
== Precedents ==
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The denomination of this device is due to the abbreviation of "Tokamak de la Junta de Energía Nuclear", this being the former denomination of [[CIEMAT]]. The abbreviation was maintained for successive devices for administrative reasons.
The denomination of this device is due to the abbreviation of "Tokamak de la Junta de Energía Nuclear", this being the former denomination of [[CIEMAT]]. The abbreviation was maintained for successive devices for administrative reasons.


In 1994, the torsatron [[TJ-IU]] was taken into operation. This was the first magnetic confinement device entirely built in Spain. Currently, [[TJ-IU]] is located at the [http://www.ipf.uni-stuttgart.de/index_e.html University of Stuttgart] in Germany under the name of TJ-K.
In 1994, the torsatron [[TJ-IU]] was taken into operation. This was the first magnetic confinement device entirely built in Spain. Currently, [[TJ-IU]] is located at the [http://www.ipf.uni-stuttgart.de/index_e.html University of Stuttgart] in Germany under the name of [[TJ-K]] (the 'K' stands for Kiel, its first location in Germany, before arriving in Stuttgart).


== Description ==
== Description ==
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TJ-II discharges last around 0.25 s, with a repetition frequency of about 7 minutes.
TJ-II discharges last around 0.25 s, with a repetition frequency of about 7 minutes.
{| class="wikitable"  align="center" border="1"
!''Parameter''                          !!''Value''!!''Unit''
|-
|Major radius, ''R<sub>0</sub>'':          ||  1.5  || m 
|-
|Minor radius, ''a'':          ||  < 0.22  || m 
|-
|Plasma volume, ''V'':          ||  1  || m<sup>3</sup> 
|-
|Field periods:          ||  4  || 
|-
|[[TJ-II:Coil system|TF coils]]:          ||  32  || 
|-
|Number of ports:          ||  104  || 
|-
|Rotational transform, ''&iota;/2&pi;'':          ||  0.9 - 2.5  || 
|-
|Magnetic field on axis, ''B<sub>0</sub>'':          ||  ~1  || T 
|-
|ECRH heating power, ''P<sub>ECRH</sub>'':          ||  < 600  || kW 
|-
|NBI heating power, ''P<sub>NBI</sub>'':          ||  < 2  || MW 
|-
|Pulse length:          ||  < 200  || ms 
|}


== Goals and Research ==
== Goals and Research ==
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The objective of the experimental program of TJ-II is to investigate the physics of a device with a helical magnetic axis having a great flexibility in its magnetic configuration, and to contribute to the international effort regarding the study of magnetic confinement devices for fusion.  
The objective of the experimental program of TJ-II is to investigate the physics of a device with a helical magnetic axis having a great flexibility in its magnetic configuration, and to contribute to the international effort regarding the study of magnetic confinement devices for fusion.  


Also refer to [[Plasma Physics at the LNF]].
Also refer to [[LNF:Plasma Physics]].


== Operation ==
== Operation ==
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* A [[TJ-II:Vacuum system|vacuum system]] controls the pressure inside the vacuum vessel.
* A [[TJ-II:Vacuum system|vacuum system]] controls the pressure inside the vacuum vessel.
* The electric energy required for a TJ-II discharge is obtained from a [[TJ-II:Power supply|flywheel generator]].
* The electric energy required for a TJ-II discharge is obtained from a [[TJ-II:Power supply|flywheel generator]].
* The [[TJ-II:Coil system|coils]] are cooled by means of a [[TJ-II:cooling system|cooling system]].
* The [[TJ-II:Coil system|coils]] are cooled by means of a [[TJ-II:Cooling system|cooling system]].
* An extensive set of systems is available to perform [[TJ-II:Plasma Wall Interaction|plasma wall conditioning]].
* An extensive set of systems is available to perform [[TJ-II:Plasma Wall Interaction|plasma wall conditioning]].
* Two movable [[TJ-II:Limiter|limiters]] can be used to limit the plasma.
* Two movable [[TJ-II:Limiter|limiters]] can be used to limit the plasma.
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== Diagnostics ==
== Diagnostics ==


[[File:TJ-II_top_view.jpg|400px|thumb|right|TJ-II in 2012; front left: [[TJ-II:Thomson Scattering|Thomson Scattering]]; left and bottom right: [[TJ-II:Neutral Beam Injection|NBI]]; top: the inclined structures are two [[TJ-II:Heavy Ion Beam Probe|HIBP]] systems, while the vertical turret is the reciprocating [[TJ-II:Langmuir Probes|Langmuir Probe]].]]
[[File:TJ-II_top_view.jpg|400px|thumb|right|TJ-II in 2012; front left: [[TJ-II:Thomson Scattering|Thomson Scattering]]; left and bottom right: [[TJ-II:Neutral Beam Injection|NBI]]; top: the inclined structures are two [[TJ-II:Heavy Ion Beam Probe|HIBP]] systems. Also visible on top, up front, is the reciprocating [[TJ-II:Langmuir Probes|Langmuir Probe]].]]


TJ-II is fitted with an extensive set of diagnostic systems installed in its 96 access [[TJ-II:Ports|ports]]. For information on the magnetic coordinate system (required for cross-diagnostic comparisons), see [[TJ-II:Magnetic_coordinates|TJ-II magnetic coordinates]].
TJ-II is fitted with an extensive set of diagnostic systems installed in its 96 access [[TJ-II:Ports|ports]]. For information on the magnetic coordinate system (required for cross-diagnostic comparisons), see [[TJ-II:Magnetic_coordinates|TJ-II magnetic coordinates]].
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* [[TJ-II:Compact Neutral Particle Analyzer|Compact Neutral Particle Analyzer]]
* [[TJ-II:Compact Neutral Particle Analyzer|Compact Neutral Particle Analyzer]]
* [[TJ-II:Fast ion loss probe|Fast ion loss probe]]
* [[TJ-II:Fast ion loss probe|Fast ion loss probe]]
* [[TJ-II:Retarding Field Analyzer|Retarding Field Analyzer]]
* [[TJ-II:Fast camera|Fast camera]]
* [[TJ-II:Fast camera|Fast camera]]


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* [[TJ-II:Helium Beam|Helium Beam]]
* [[TJ-II:Helium Beam|Helium Beam]]
* [[TJ-II:Lithium Beam|Lithium Beam]]
* [[TJ-II:Lithium Beam|Lithium Beam]]
[https://info.fusion.ciemat.es/cgi-bin/TJII_data.cgi Interactive on-line data visualization]


== Numerical resources ==
== Numerical resources ==
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* [[CUTIE]] - Full-tokamak fluid turbulence
* [[CUTIE]] - Full-tokamak fluid turbulence
* [[MOCA]] - Monte Carlo [[Neoclassical transport]] code
* [[MOCA]] - Monte Carlo [[Neoclassical transport]] code
* [[DKES]] - [[Neoclassical transport]] code
* [[KNOSOS]] - [[Neoclassical transport]] code
* [[TRECE]] - Microwave ray tracing
* [[TRECE]] - Microwave ray tracing
* [[TRUBA]]- Microwave beam/ray tracing including electron Bernstein wave calculations.
* [[TRUBA]]- Microwave beam/ray tracing including electron Bernstein wave calculations.
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