Edge Localized Modes
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The steep edge gradients (of density and temperature) associated with an H-mode lead to quasi-periodic violent relaxation phenomena, known as Edge Localized Modes (ELMs), which have a strong impact on the surrounding vessel. [1] [2]
ELMs and machine operation
Although Quiescent H-modes exist (without ELMs), [3] they are generally considered not convenient due to the accumulation of impurities. To achieve steady state, an ELMy H-mode is preferred and this mode of operation is proposed as the standard operating scenario for ITER, thus converting ELM mitigation into a priority. [4]
References
- ↑ H. Zohm, Edge localized modes (ELMs), Plasma Phys. Control. Fusion 38 (1996) 105-128
- ↑ D.N. Hill, A review of ELMs in divertor tokamaks, Journal of Nuclear Materials 241-243 (1997) 182-198
- ↑ K.H. Burrell et al, Advances in understanding quiescent H-mode plasmas in DIII-D, Phys. Plasmas 12 (2005) 056121
- ↑ M.R. Wade, Physics and engineering issues associated with edge localized mode control in ITER, Fusion Engineering and Design 84, Issues 2-6 (2009) 178-185