Function parametrization: Difference between revisions
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Function Parametrization (FP | Function Parametrization (also spelt Parameterization) or FP is a technique to provide fast (real-time) construction of system parameters from a set of diverse measurements. It consists of the numerical determination, by statistical regression on a database of simulated states, of simple functional representations | ||
<ref>B.J. Braams, W. Jilge, and K. Lackner, ''Fast determination of plasma parameters through function parametrization'', Nucl. Fusion '''26''' (1986) 699</ref> | of parameters characterizing the state of a particular physical system, where the arguments of the functions are statistically independent combinations of diagnostic raw measurements of the system. | ||
The technique, developed by H. Wind for the purpose of momentum determination from spark chamber data, <ref>Wind, H., ''Function Parametrization'', | |||
in ''Proceedings of the 1972 CERN Computing and Data Processing School'', CERN 72-21, 1972, pp. 53-106</ref> <ref>Wind, H., (a) ''Principal component analysis and its application to track finding'', (b) ''interpolation and function representation'', in ''Formulae and Methods in Experimental Data Evaluation'', Vol. '''3''', European Physical Society, Geneva, 1984</ref> was introduced by B. Braams to plasma physics, | |||
where it was first applied to the analysis of equilibrium magnetic measurements on the | |||
circular cross-section ASDEX tokamak. <ref>[http://iopscience.iop.org/0029-5515/26/6/001 B.J. Braams, W. Jilge, and K. Lackner, ''Fast determination of plasma parameters through function parametrization'', Nucl. Fusion '''26''' (1986) 699]</ref> It was later extended to the non-circular cross-section ASDEX Upgrade tokamak<ref>[http://www.physics.ucc.ie/~pjm/people/trachtas.htm P.J. Mc Carthy, ''An Integrated Data Interpretation System for Tokamak Discharges'', PhD thesis, University College Cork, 1992]</ref> | |||
and the Wendelstein 7-AS stellarator. | |||
<ref>[http://iopscience.iop.org/0029-5515/39/4/308 H.P. Callaghan, P.J. Mc Carthy, J. Geiger, ''Fast equilibrium interpretation on the W7-AS stellarator using Function Parameterization'', Nucl. Fusion '''39''' (1999) 509]</ref> | |||
== Method == | == Method == | ||
The application of the technique requires that a model exists to compute the response of the measurements (''q'') to variations of the system parameters (''p''), i.e. the mapping ''q = M(p)'' is known. | The application of the technique requires that a model exists to compute the response of the measurements (''q'') to variations of the system parameters (''p''), i.e. the mapping ''q = M(p)'' is known. | ||
In doing so, all functional dependencies are parametrized (hence the name of the technique), | In doing so, all functional dependencies are parametrized (hence the name of the technique), | ||
e.g., spatially dependent functions ''f(r)'' are given in terms of an parametric expansion (such as a | e.g., spatially dependent functions ''f(r)'' are given in terms of an parametric expansion (such as a [[:Wikipedia:Polynomial|polynomial]]), and the corresponding parameters are included in the vector ''p''. | ||
The fast reconstruction of the system parameters is obtained by computing the inverse of the mapping ''M''. To do so, the parameters ''p'' are varied over a range corresponding to the expected variation in actual experiments, the corresponding ''q'' are obtained, and the set of ''(p,q)'' data are stored in a database. This database is then subjected to a statistical analysis in order to recover the inverse of ''M''. This analysis is typically a [[:Wikipedia:Principal Component Analysis|Principal Component Analysis]]. This procedure is also amenable to a rather detailed error analysis, so that errors in the recovered parameters ''p'' for the interpretation of actual data ''q'' can be obtained. | The fast reconstruction of the system parameters is obtained by computing the inverse of the mapping ''M''. To do so, the parameters ''p'' are varied over a range corresponding to the expected variation in actual experiments, the corresponding ''q'' are obtained, and the set of ''(p,q)'' data are stored in a database. This database is then subjected to a statistical analysis in order to recover the inverse of ''M''. This analysis is typically a [[:Wikipedia:Principal Component Analysis|Principal Component Analysis]]. This procedure is also amenable to a rather detailed error analysis, so that errors in the recovered parameters ''p'' for the interpretation of actual data ''q'' can be obtained. | ||
<ref name=RTP>B.Ph. van Milligen, N.J. Lopes Cardozo, ''Function Parametrization: a fast inverse mapping method'', Comp. Phys. Commun. '''66''' (1991) 243</ref> | <ref name=RTP>[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0010-4655(91)90073-T B.Ph. van Milligen, N.J. Lopes Cardozo, ''Function Parametrization: a fast inverse mapping method'', Comp. Phys. Commun. '''66''' (1991) 243]</ref> | ||
== Applications == | == Applications == | ||
* RTP <ref name=RTP></ref> | * RTP <ref name=RTP></ref> | ||
* TEXTOR <ref>B.Ph. van Milligen et al., ''Application of Function Parametrization to the analysis of polarimetry and interferometry data in TEXTOR'', Nucl. Fusion '''31''' (1991) 309</ref> | * TEXTOR <ref>[http://iopscience.iop.org/0029-5515/31/2/007 B.Ph. van Milligen et al., ''Application of Function Parametrization to the analysis of polarimetry and interferometry data in TEXTOR'', Nucl. Fusion '''31''' (1991) 309]</ref> | ||
* ASDEX-UG <ref>[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0920-3796(00)00109-5 W. Schneider, P.J. | * ASDEX-UG <ref>[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0920-3796(00)00109-5 W. Schneider, P.J. Mc Carthy, et al., ''ASDEX upgrade MHD equilibria reconstruction on distributed workstations'', Fusion Engineering and Design '''48''', Issues 1-2 (2000) 127-134]</ref> | ||
* Wendelstein 7-X <ref>[http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/44/11/003 A. Sengupta, P.J. | * Wendelstein 7-X <ref>[http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/44/11/003 A. Sengupta, P.J. Mc Carthy, et al., ''Fast recovery of vacuum magnetic configuration of the W7-X stellarator using function parametrization and artificial neural networks'', Nucl. Fusion '''44''' (2004) 1176]</ref> | ||
== Alternatives == | == Alternatives == | ||
* Bayesian | * Neural networks. Like with FP, most of the computational effort is concentrated in an analysis phase (network ''training''), before the actual application to data. Therefore, this method is fast and suited for real-time applications. With FP, non-linear dependencies are limited by the degree of the polynomial expansions used, whereas neural networks allow more general non-linear dependencies, in principle. | ||
* [[Bayesian data analysis]], which allows non-Gaussian error distributions and complex data dependencies. A very powerful method but not fast due to the need for maximization (not suited for real-time applications). | |||
== References == | == References == | ||
<references /> | <references /> | ||
Latest revision as of 13:44, 24 April 2011
Function Parametrization (also spelt Parameterization) or FP is a technique to provide fast (real-time) construction of system parameters from a set of diverse measurements. It consists of the numerical determination, by statistical regression on a database of simulated states, of simple functional representations of parameters characterizing the state of a particular physical system, where the arguments of the functions are statistically independent combinations of diagnostic raw measurements of the system. The technique, developed by H. Wind for the purpose of momentum determination from spark chamber data, [1] [2] was introduced by B. Braams to plasma physics, where it was first applied to the analysis of equilibrium magnetic measurements on the circular cross-section ASDEX tokamak. [3] It was later extended to the non-circular cross-section ASDEX Upgrade tokamak[4] and the Wendelstein 7-AS stellarator. [5]
Method
The application of the technique requires that a model exists to compute the response of the measurements (q) to variations of the system parameters (p), i.e. the mapping q = M(p) is known. In doing so, all functional dependencies are parametrized (hence the name of the technique), e.g., spatially dependent functions f(r) are given in terms of an parametric expansion (such as a polynomial), and the corresponding parameters are included in the vector p.
The fast reconstruction of the system parameters is obtained by computing the inverse of the mapping M. To do so, the parameters p are varied over a range corresponding to the expected variation in actual experiments, the corresponding q are obtained, and the set of (p,q) data are stored in a database. This database is then subjected to a statistical analysis in order to recover the inverse of M. This analysis is typically a Principal Component Analysis. This procedure is also amenable to a rather detailed error analysis, so that errors in the recovered parameters p for the interpretation of actual data q can be obtained. [6]
Applications
Alternatives
- Neural networks. Like with FP, most of the computational effort is concentrated in an analysis phase (network training), before the actual application to data. Therefore, this method is fast and suited for real-time applications. With FP, non-linear dependencies are limited by the degree of the polynomial expansions used, whereas neural networks allow more general non-linear dependencies, in principle.
- Bayesian data analysis, which allows non-Gaussian error distributions and complex data dependencies. A very powerful method but not fast due to the need for maximization (not suited for real-time applications).
References
- ↑ Wind, H., Function Parametrization, in Proceedings of the 1972 CERN Computing and Data Processing School, CERN 72-21, 1972, pp. 53-106
- ↑ Wind, H., (a) Principal component analysis and its application to track finding, (b) interpolation and function representation, in Formulae and Methods in Experimental Data Evaluation, Vol. 3, European Physical Society, Geneva, 1984
- ↑ B.J. Braams, W. Jilge, and K. Lackner, Fast determination of plasma parameters through function parametrization, Nucl. Fusion 26 (1986) 699
- ↑ P.J. Mc Carthy, An Integrated Data Interpretation System for Tokamak Discharges, PhD thesis, University College Cork, 1992
- ↑ H.P. Callaghan, P.J. Mc Carthy, J. Geiger, Fast equilibrium interpretation on the W7-AS stellarator using Function Parameterization, Nucl. Fusion 39 (1999) 509
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 B.Ph. van Milligen, N.J. Lopes Cardozo, Function Parametrization: a fast inverse mapping method, Comp. Phys. Commun. 66 (1991) 243
- ↑ B.Ph. van Milligen et al., Application of Function Parametrization to the analysis of polarimetry and interferometry data in TEXTOR, Nucl. Fusion 31 (1991) 309
- ↑ W. Schneider, P.J. Mc Carthy, et al., ASDEX upgrade MHD equilibria reconstruction on distributed workstations, Fusion Engineering and Design 48, Issues 1-2 (2000) 127-134
- ↑ A. Sengupta, P.J. Mc Carthy, et al., Fast recovery of vacuum magnetic configuration of the W7-X stellarator using function parametrization and artificial neural networks, Nucl. Fusion 44 (2004) 1176