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* W7-AS <ref>[http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/40/1/002 U. Stroth, ''A comparative study of transport in stellarators and tokamaks'', Plasma Phys. Control. Fusion '''40''' (1998) 9]</ref> | * W7-AS <ref>[http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/40/1/002 U. Stroth, ''A comparative study of transport in stellarators and tokamaks'', Plasma Phys. Control. Fusion '''40''' (1998) 9]</ref> | ||
* Various devices <ref>[http://www-pub.iaea.org/MTCD/Meetings/FEC2008/th_p8-24.pdf Yu.N. Dnestrovsky et al, IAEA Fusion Energy Conference, Geneva (2008) TH/P8-24]</ref> | * Various devices <ref>[http://www-pub.iaea.org/MTCD/Meetings/FEC2008/th_p8-24.pdf Yu.N. Dnestrovsky et al, IAEA Fusion Energy Conference, Geneva (2008) TH/P8-24]</ref> | ||
== Proposed explanations == | |||
The phenomenon is not fully understood, but attempts at explanation have been made. These include: | |||
* Marginal stability <ref>[[doi:10.1063/1.871063|P.H. Diamond and T.S. Hahm, ''On the dynamics of turbulent transport near marginal stability'', Phys. Plasmas '''2''' (1995) 3640]]</ref> | |||
* Critical gradient models <ref>[[doi:10.1088/0741-3335/44/8/301|F. Imbeaux and X. Garbet, ''Analytical solutions for the propagation of heat pulses with temperature gradient length-dependent diffusion coefficient'', Plasma Phys. Control. Fusion '''44''' (2002) 1425']]</ref> | |||
* Energy pinch <ref>[[doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.85.4534|P. Mantica, G. Gorini, G.M.D. Hogeweij, N.J. Lopes Cardozo, and A.M.R. Schilham, ''Heat Convection and Transport Barriers in Low-Magnetic-Shear Rijnhuizen Tokamak Project Plasmas'', Phys. Rev. Lett. '''85''' (2000) 4534–4537]]</ref><ref>[[doi:10.1063/1.1951667|X. Garbet, N. Dubuit, E. Asp, Y. Sarazin, C. Bourdelle, P. Ghendrih, and G.T. Hoang, ''Turbulent fluxes and entropy production rate'', Phys. Plasmas '''12''' (2005) 082511]]</ref><ref>[[doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.95.185002|P. Mantica, A. Thyagaraja, J. Weiland, G.M.D. Hogeweij, and P.J. Knight, ''Heat Pinches in Electron-Heated Tokamak Plasmas: Theoretical Turbulence Models versus Experiments'', Phys. Rev. Lett. '''95''' (2005) 185002]]</ref> | |||
* Turbulent equipartition <ref>[[doi:10.1088/0029-5515/51/8/083006|Lu Wang and P.H. Diamond, ''Kinetic theory of the turbulent energy pinch in tokamak plasmas'', Nucl. Fusion '''51''' (2011) 083006]]</ref> | |||
== Quantification methods == | == Quantification methods == | ||