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The steep edge gradients (of density and temperature) lead to quasi-periodic violent relaxation phenomena, known as Edge Localized Modes (ELMs), which have a strong impact on the surrounding vessel. | The steep edge gradients (of density and temperature) lead to quasi-periodic violent relaxation phenomena, known as Edge Localized Modes (ELMs), which have a strong impact on the surrounding vessel. | ||
<ref>[http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/38/2/001 H. Zohm, ''Edge localized modes (ELMs)'', Plasma Phys. Control. Fusion '''38''' (1996) 105-128]</ref> | |||
<ref>[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0022-3115(97)80039-6 D.N. Hill, ''A review of ELMs in divertor tokamaks'', Journal of Nuclear Materials '''241-243''' (1997) 182-198]</ref> | <ref>[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0022-3115(97)80039-6 D.N. Hill, ''A review of ELMs in divertor tokamaks'', Journal of Nuclear Materials '''241-243''' (1997) 182-198]</ref> | ||
Although Quiescent H-modes exist (without ELMs), | Although Quiescent H-modes exist (without ELMs), | ||