Beta: Difference between revisions
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Plasma performance is often expressed in terms of beta ( | Plasma performance is often expressed in terms of beta (<math>\beta</math>), defined as: | ||
<ref>J.P. Freidberg, ''Plasma physics and fusion energy'', Cambridge University Press (2007) ISBN 0521851076</ref> | <ref name="freidberg">J.P. Freidberg, ''Plasma physics and fusion energy'', Cambridge University Press (2007) {{ISBN|0521851076}}</ref> | ||
:<math>\beta = \frac{\left \langle p \right \rangle}{B^2/2\mu_0}</math> | :<math>\beta = \frac{\left \langle p \right \rangle}{B^2/2\mu_0}</math> | ||
i.e., the ratio of the plasma pressure to the magnetic pressure. | i.e., the ratio of the plasma pressure to the magnetic pressure. | ||
Here, < | Here, <math>\left \langle p \right \rangle </math> is the mean plasma pressure, and <math>B</math> the mean total field strength. | ||
It is customary to introduce also the ''poloidal'' | It is customary to introduce also the ''poloidal'' beta <math>\beta_p</math> and the ''toroidal'' beta <math>\beta_t</math>, in which <math>B</math> is replaced by the poloidal and toroidal magnetic field component, respectively. One has: | ||
:<math>\frac{1}{\beta} = \frac{1}{\beta_p} + \frac{1}{\beta_t}</math> | :<math>\frac{1}{\beta} = \frac{1}{\beta_p} + \frac{1}{\beta_t}</math> | ||
== Normalized beta == | |||
[[File:Troyon limit.png|300px|thumb|Troyon Limit<ref>ITER Physics Expert Group on Disruptions, Plasma Control, and MHD, ''ITER Physics Basis Chapter 3: MHD stability, operational limits and disruptions'', [[doi:10.1088/0029-5515/39/12/303|Nucl. Fusion '''39 ''' (1999) 2251-2389]]</ref>]] | |||
<math>\beta</math> is often expressed in terms of the normalized beta (or Troyon factor)<ref>F. Troyon, R. Gruber, H. Saurenmann, S. Semenzato and S. Succi, ''MHD-Limits to Plasma Confinement'', [[doi:10.1088/0741-3335/26/1A/319|Plasma Phys. Control. Fusion '''26''' (1984) 209]]</ref>, an operational parameter indicating how close the plasma is to reaching destabilising major MHD activity. Its definition is (for tokamaks): | |||
<ref>K. Miyamoto, ''Plasma Physics and Controlled Nuclear Fusion'', Springer-Verlag (2005) {{ISBN|3540242171}}</ref> | |||
:<math>\beta_N = \beta \frac{a B_T}{I_p}</math> | |||
where <math>B_T</math> is the toroidal magnetic field in T, <math>a</math> is the minor radius in m, and <math>I_p</math> is the plasma current in MA. | |||
== Beta limit == | |||
The upper limit of <math>\beta_N</math> has been determined numerically by Troyon to 0.028. Often <math>\beta</math> is expressed in percent, in which case <math>\beta_N = 2.8</math>. This limit results from many different numerical studies determined to find the overall <math>\beta</math> limit out of many different MHD instabilities, such as [[external kink modes]], [[ballooning kink modes]], [[internal modes]], [[localized modes]], etc. <ref name="freidberg"></ref> | |||
Empirical evaluation from the data of different tokamaks raises this value slightly to <math>\beta_N = 3.5</math>, although significantly higher values have been achieved. | |||
<ref>S.A. Sabbagh et al, ''Resistive wall stabilized operation in rotating high beta NSTX plasmas'', [[doi:10.1088/0029-5515/46/5/014|Nucl. Fusion '''46''' (2006) 635-644]]</ref> | |||
== See also == | == See also == | ||
* [[ | |||
* [[Internal inductance]] | |||
* [[:Wikipedia:Beta_(plasma_physics)]] | |||
== References == | == References == | ||
<references /> | <references /> | ||
Latest revision as of 08:45, 17 March 2024
Plasma performance is often expressed in terms of beta (), defined as: [1]
i.e., the ratio of the plasma pressure to the magnetic pressure. Here, is the mean plasma pressure, and the mean total field strength. It is customary to introduce also the poloidal beta and the toroidal beta , in which is replaced by the poloidal and toroidal magnetic field component, respectively. One has:
Normalized beta
is often expressed in terms of the normalized beta (or Troyon factor)[3], an operational parameter indicating how close the plasma is to reaching destabilising major MHD activity. Its definition is (for tokamaks): [4]
where is the toroidal magnetic field in T, is the minor radius in m, and is the plasma current in MA.
Beta limit
The upper limit of has been determined numerically by Troyon to 0.028. Often is expressed in percent, in which case . This limit results from many different numerical studies determined to find the overall limit out of many different MHD instabilities, such as external kink modes, ballooning kink modes, internal modes, localized modes, etc. [1]
Empirical evaluation from the data of different tokamaks raises this value slightly to , although significantly higher values have been achieved. [5]
See also
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 J.P. Freidberg, Plasma physics and fusion energy, Cambridge University Press (2007) ISBN 0521851076
- ↑ ITER Physics Expert Group on Disruptions, Plasma Control, and MHD, ITER Physics Basis Chapter 3: MHD stability, operational limits and disruptions, Nucl. Fusion 39 (1999) 2251-2389
- ↑ F. Troyon, R. Gruber, H. Saurenmann, S. Semenzato and S. Succi, MHD-Limits to Plasma Confinement, Plasma Phys. Control. Fusion 26 (1984) 209
- ↑ K. Miyamoto, Plasma Physics and Controlled Nuclear Fusion, Springer-Verlag (2005) ISBN 3540242171
- ↑ S.A. Sabbagh et al, Resistive wall stabilized operation in rotating high beta NSTX plasmas, Nucl. Fusion 46 (2006) 635-644