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LNF:Estudios del confinamiento mejorado y de impurezas en los Stellarators TJ-II y W7-X mediante inyección de pastillas criogénicas (Pellets) y encapsulados de impurezas (TESPEL): Difference between revisions

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'''Area/subarea (Área temática / subárea)''': Energy & Transport / Energy
'''Area/subarea (Área temática / subárea)''': Energy & Transport / Energy


'''Principal Investigator(s)''': [https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5223-391X Isabel García-Cortés ][https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5881-1442 Kieran Joseph McCarthy]
'''Principal Investigator(s)''': [https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5223-391X Isabel García-Cortés] [https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5881-1442 Kieran Joseph Mc Carthy]
 
'''Research Team (Equipo de investigación)''': [https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9631-9558 Carmen Pastor] [https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1717-3509 Alfonso Baciero] [https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7678-0240 Josep María Fontdecaba]  [https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7638-8772 Daniel López Bruna] [https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5809-5132 Francisco Medina] [https://orcid.org/0009-0005-2938-5463 Ma Carmen Rodríguez]
 
'''Work Team (Equipo de trabajo)''': [https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1682-1519 Naoki Tamura] [https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7644-751X Federico Nespoli] [https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4251-7924 Felix Reimold]


'''Project type''': Proyecto individual
'''Project type''': Proyecto individual
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'''Financing granted (direct costs)''': 130.000 €
'''Financing granted (direct costs)''': 130.000 €
[[File:Logo_PN.jpg|600px]]


== Description of the project ==
== Description of the project ==
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2. The second aim is to continue to support and expand impurity transport studies in TJ-II, W7-X and LHD. Under the umbrella of a trilateral collaboration (2020-2029) with the National Institute for Fusion Science (Japan) and IPP-Max-Planck (Greifswald, Germany), the Tracer-Encapsulated Solid Pellet (TESPEL) method is now employed on TJ-II, W7-X and LHD. TESPELs are polystyrene spheres (diameter <1 mm) loaded with small quantities of selected impurities (atomic elements other than fuel). Thus, TESPEL allows delivering a precise quantify of tracer to a preselected location in the plasma core, after which its transport can be evaluated. An important aspect of previous projects was the establishment of a laboratory to fabricate TESPELs at Ciemat. Since then several hundred TESPELs prepared at Ciemat have been injected successfully into plasmas created in these devices. Thus, key goals of this current project are to continue TESPEL fabrication at this laboratory, thereby allowing Ciemat to maintain its fruitful collaborations with W7-X and LHD, and to expand TESPEL based impurity control studies. For instance, during recent experiments with TESPEL at LHD, project members determined that mid-/high- Z atomic ions can be flushed out of a high-density plasma if Li-granules are dropped continuously into the plasma edge <ref>3</ref>. When results were compared with results from reference plasmas, confinement times of high-Z ions were reduced by a factor 4 or more. It is extend to explore further this new operational scenario for stellarators.
2. The second aim is to continue to support and expand impurity transport studies in TJ-II, W7-X and LHD. Under the umbrella of a trilateral collaboration (2020-2029) with the National Institute for Fusion Science (Japan) and IPP-Max-Planck (Greifswald, Germany), the Tracer-Encapsulated Solid Pellet (TESPEL) method is now employed on TJ-II, W7-X and LHD. TESPELs are polystyrene spheres (diameter <1 mm) loaded with small quantities of selected impurities (atomic elements other than fuel). Thus, TESPEL allows delivering a precise quantify of tracer to a preselected location in the plasma core, after which its transport can be evaluated. An important aspect of previous projects was the establishment of a laboratory to fabricate TESPELs at Ciemat. Since then several hundred TESPELs prepared at Ciemat have been injected successfully into plasmas created in these devices. Thus, key goals of this current project are to continue TESPEL fabrication at this laboratory, thereby allowing Ciemat to maintain its fruitful collaborations with W7-X and LHD, and to expand TESPEL based impurity control studies. For instance, during recent experiments with TESPEL at LHD, project members determined that mid-/high- Z atomic ions can be flushed out of a high-density plasma if Li-granules are dropped continuously into the plasma edge <ref>3</ref>. When results were compared with results from reference plasmas, confinement times of high-Z ions were reduced by a factor 4 or more. It is extend to explore further this new operational scenario for stellarators.


== References ==
== Main results ==
To be completed at the end of the project (final report)


PEER-REVIEWED ARTICLES ASSOCIATED TO THIS PROJECT (SINCE 2024)  
== Dissemination of project results (peer-reviewed publications and conference presentations) ==


[1] Enhanced confinement induced by pellet injection in the stellarator TJ-II, I. García-Cortes, K. J. McCarthy, T. Estrada, V. Tribaldos, B. van Milligen, E. Ascasíbar, R. Carrasco, A. A. Chmyga, R. García, J. Hernández-Sánchez, C. Hidalgo, S. Kozachek, F. Medina, D. Medina-Roque, M. A. Ochando, J. L. de Pablos, N. Panadero, I. Pastor and TJ-II Team, Phys. Plasmas 30 (2023) 072506. https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0151395
PEER-REVIEWED ARTICLES ASSOCIATED WITH THIS PROJECT (SINCE 2024)
 
[1] The rotational transform and enhanced confinement in the TJ-II stellarator, B. Ph. van Milligen, I. García-Cortés, K. J. McCarthy, B. A. Carreras, L. García, A. Cappa, P. Pons-Villalonga, T. Estrada, D. Medina-Roque, J. Hernández-Sánchez, R. García, O. S. Kozachok, O. O. Chmyga, J. L. de Pablos, J. M. Barcala, A. Molinero, D. Tafalla, I. Pastor, D. Tafalla, A. de la Peña, F. Lapayese and the TJ-II Team, J. Plasma Phys. 90 (2025) E98, https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377825100433


[2] Multi-pellet injection into the NBI-heated phase of TJ-II plasmas, K. J. McCarthy, I. García-Cortés, A. Alonso, A. Arias-Camisón, E. Ascasíbar, A. Baciero, A. Cappa, R. Carrasco, O. O. Chmyga, T. Estrada, R. García, J. Hernández-Sánchez, F. J. Herranz, O. S. Kozachok, B. López Miranda, F. Medina, D. Medina-Roque, B. van Milligen, M. Navarro, M. A. Ochando, J. L. de Pablos, N. Panadero, I. Pastor, J. de la Riva, M. C. Rodríguez, D. Tafalla, V. Tribaldos and TJ-II Team, Nucl. Fusion 64 (2024) 066019, https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/ad4047.
[2] Multi-pellet injection into the NBI-heated phase of TJ-II plasmas, K. J. McCarthy, I. García-Cortés, A. Alonso, A. Arias-Camisón, E. Ascasíbar, A. Baciero, A. Cappa, R. Carrasco, O. O. Chmyga, T. Estrada, R. García, J. Hernández-Sánchez, F. J. Herranz, O. S. Kozachok, B. López Miranda, F. Medina, D. Medina-Roque, B. van Milligen, M. Navarro, M. A. Ochando, J. L. de Pablos, N. Panadero, I. Pastor, J. de la Riva, M. C. Rodríguez, D. Tafalla, V. Tribaldos and TJ-II Team, Nucl. Fusion 64 (2024) 066019, https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/ad4047.


[3] Reduction of impurity confinement times in lithium-powder induced reduced-turbulence plasmas in the LHD, D. Medina-Roque, F. Nespoli, I. García-Cortés, K. J. McCarthy, N. Tamura, C. Suzuki, M. Goto, T. Kawate, Y. Kawamoto, M. Yoshinuma, K. Ida, K. Tanaka, T. Tokuzawa, H. Funaba, I. Yamada and the LHD team, in preparation for Nucl. Fusion Lett.
[3] Observation of Enhanced Core Impurity Transport in a Turbulence-Reduced Stellarator Plasma, D. Medina-Roque, I. García-Cortés, N. Tamura, K. J. McCarthy, F. Nespoli, K. Tanaka, M. Shoji, S. Masuzaki, H. Funaba, C. Suzuki, A. Mollen, R. Lunsford, K. Ida, M. Yoshinuma, M. Goto, T. Kawate, Y. Kawamoto, T. Kawate, T. Tokuzawa, I. Yamada and the LHD experimental team, Phys. Plasmas 33 (2026) 050701, https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0327035.
 
[4] Additional ECRH mitigates thermal quenches induced by tungsten TESPEL injection in LHD, H. Bouvain, A. Dinklage, N. Tamura, K. Mukai, C. Suzuki, T. Tokuzawa, Y. Takemura, Y. Narushima, K. Ida, M. Yoshinuma, H. Igami, H. Kasahara, K. McCarthy, D. Medina Roque, and I. García-Cortés, Phys. Plasmas 33 (2026) 022505. https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0310971.
 
[5] Recent Advances in Plasma Control and Physics Research in the Large Helical Device, K. Tanaka, K. Ida, Y. Morishita, H. Ohtani, D. Medina Roque, T. Tokuzawa, N. Kenmochi, T. Kinoshita, K. Toi, S. Murakami, H. Funaba, G. Ueno, M. Yokoyama, R. Ichikawa, K. Ogawa, A. Kageyama, N. Ohno, K. McCarthy, I. Garcia-Cortes, N. Tamura, F. Nespoli, R. Lunsford, M. Shoji, S. Masuzaki, C. Suzuki, A. Mollen, Y. Yoshinuma, M. Goto, Y. Kawamoto, T. Kawate, I. Yamada, T. Nasu, T. Kobayashi, K. Itoh, Y. Mizuno, R. Yasuhara, H. Uehara, D. Den Hartog, Y. Takemura, H. Igami, R. Yanai, T. Takeuchi, T. Yokoyama, M. Osakabe, S. Morita, A. Shimizu, M. Nishiura, N. Pablant, D. Spong, H. Nuga, K. Nagaoka, R. Sakamoto, H. Yamada, Y. Katoh, accepted for publication by Nucl. Fusion, NF-108651.R1
 
[6] Characterization of an Enhanced Plasma Performance Phase Induced by Pellet Injection in the Stellarator TJ-II, I. García-Cortés, K. McCarthy, B. Van Milligen, A. Kozachek, T. Estrada, V. Tribaldos, A. Baciero, B. Carreras, L. Garcia, D. Medina Roque, I. Pastor, M. C. Rodriguez Fernandez, D. Tafalla, sent to Nucl. Fusion for publication, NF-108859.R1.
 
[7] The radial localization of low-order rational surfaces in the stellarator TJ-II using pellet injection, K. J. McCarthy, I. García-Cortés, B. van Milligen, A. Baciero, R. Carrasco, B. A. Carreras, O. O. Chmyga, T. Estrada, R. García, J. Hernández-Sánchez, F. J. Hernanz, O. S. Kozachok, B. López Miranda, F. Medina, D. Medina-Roque, M. Navarro, N. Panadero, I. Pastor, M. C. Rodríguez, D. Tafalla, and TJ-II Team, sent to Nucl. Fusion for publication: NF-108785.
 
[8] The pump-out effect as a trigger for the electron to ion root transition in TJ-II, B. Ph. van Milligen, I. García-Cortés, K. McCarthy, O.S. Kozachok, O. O. Chmyga, J.L. de Pablos, A. Cappa, and the TJ-II Team, sent to J. Fusion Energy for publication, ID e7e624ed-fe96-4e3e-be5e-cb2ce1112310.


[9] Transport in high-performance plasmas of the TJ-II stellarator: From first-principles simulations to experimental validation, J. M. García-Regaña, D. Alegre, … K. J. McCarthy, …, et al., sent to Nucl. Fusion for publication, NF-108797.


POSTERS AND TALKS IN CONFERENCES SINCE 2024
POSTERS AND TALKS IN CONFERENCES SINCE 2024


[1] Characterization of enhanced plasma performance phase after pellet injections in the TJ-II stellarator, I. García-Cortés, K. J. McCarthy, B. Van Milligen, T. Estrada, D. Medina-Roque, A. Baciero, B. A. Carreras, A. Cappa, A. A. Chmyga, F. Medina, L. Garcia, R. García, J. Hernández-Sánchez, F. J. Hernanz, A. S.  Kozachek, F. Lapayese, B. Lopez-Miranda,  D. Lopez-Bruna, V. Tribaldos, J. L. De Pablos, N. Panadero, I. Pastor, A. de La Peña, P. Pons-Villalonga, M.C. Rodriguez, D. Tafalla and TJ-II team, 30th IAEA Fusion Energy Conference, Chengdu, China (2025).
[1] High performance plasmas of the TJ-II stellarator: Experiments and validation of first-principles models, T. Estrada, J.M. García-Regaña, A. Alonso, A. Cappa, D. Carralero, I. García-Cortés, K. McCarthy, N. Panadero, E. Sánchez, J.L. Velasco and the TJ-II Team, 52nd EPS Conf. on Controlled Fusion and Plasma Physics, Edinburgh, Scotland (2026), Invited talk.
 
[2] Transport in high-performance TJ-II plasmas: insights from first- principles simulations and experimental validation, J. M. García-Regaña, N. Panadero, E. Sánchez, A. Cappa, D. Carralero, H. Thienpondt, T. Estrada, J. A. Alonso, J. L. Velasco, K. McCarthy, I. García-Cortés and the TJ-II Team, 25th International Stellarator and Heliotron Workshop, Cordoba, Spain (2026), Invited talk.
 
[3] A multi-machine study on turbulence suppression by density peaking in stellarators, D. Carralero, B. Stefanoska, E. Maragkoudakis, K. Tanaka, T. Windisch, T. Estrada, A. Alonso, J. M. García-Regaña, A. Knieps, K. McCarthy, E. Sánchez, H. Thienpondt, 25th International Stellarator and Heliotron Workshop, Cordoba, Spain (2026), Oral.
 
[4] The observation of low-frequency oscillations in bolometer and soft X-ray signals after multiple pellet injections into the stellarator TJ-II, K. J. McCarthy, I. García-Cortés, B. van Milligen, N. Panadero, I. Pastor, V. Tribaldos, A. Baciero, R. Carrasco, O. O. Chmyga, T. Estrada, R. García, J. Hernanz, O. S. Kozachok, D. López Bruna, B. López Miranda, F. Medina, D. Medina-Roque, M. Navarro, C. Pastor, M. C. Rodriguez and TJ-II Team, 25th International Stelletator Heliotron Workshop, Cordoba, Spain (2026), Poster.
 
[5] Tungsten erosion and injection investigations in the stellarator Wendelstein 7-X: Results from OP2.1-2.3, B. P. Dhard, S. Brezinsek, Y. Boumendjel, R. Bussiahn, B. Buttenschön, D. Cipciar, T. Dittmar, D. Ennis, J. Fellinger, E. Flom, T. Fornal, Y. Gao, I. García-Cortés, D. Gradic1, M. Gruca, T. Gonda, S. Jabłoński, F. Henke, C. Killer, A. Knieps, P. Kornejew, M. Kubkowska, D. M. Kriete, M. Krychowiak, O. Marchuk, A. Langenberg, F. Maragkos, M. Mayer, K. J. McCarthy, D. Medina-Roque, D. Naujoks, D. Nocolai, N. Pablant, A. Pandey, M. Rasinski, J. Romazanov, J. Schäfer, M. F. Siddiki, L. Syrocki, N. Tamura, S. Thiede, T. Wegner and The W7-X Team, 27th Plasma Surface Interaction Conference, Regensburg, Germany (2026). Poster.
 
[6] Characterization of enhanced plasma performance phase after pellet injections in the TJ-II stellarator, I. García-Cortés, K. J. McCarthy, B. Van Milligen, T. Estrada, D. Medina-Roque, A. Baciero, B. A. Carreras, A. Cappa, A. A. Chmyga, F. Medina, L. Garcia, R. García, J. Hernández-Sánchez, F. J. Hernanz, A. S.  Kozachek, F. Lapayese, B. Lopez-Miranda,  D. Lopez-Bruna, V. Tribaldos, J. L. De Pablos, N. Panadero, I. Pastor, A. de La Peña, P. Pons-Villalonga, M.C. Rodriguez, D. Tafalla and TJ-II team, 30th IAEA Fusion Energy Conference, Chengdu, China (2025) Poster.


[2] Interpreting structures observed in pellet ablation profiles in the stellarator TJ-IIInterpreting structures observed in pellet ablation profiles in the stellarator TJ-II, K. J. McCarthy, I. García-Cortés, B. van Milligen, A. Baciero, R. Carrasco, T. Estrada, R. García, J. Hernández-Sánchez, B. López-Miranda, F. Medina, D. Medina-Roque, M. Navarro, N. Panadero, I. Pastor, M. C. Rodríguez and TJ-II Team, 30th IAEA Fusion Energy Conference, Chengdu, China (octubre 2025).
[7] Interpreting structures observed in pellet ablation profiles in the stellarator TJ-IIInterpreting structures observed in pellet ablation profiles in the stellarator TJ-II, K. J. McCarthy, I. García-Cortés, B. van Milligen, A. Baciero, R. Carrasco, T. Estrada, R. García, J. Hernández-Sánchez, B. López-Miranda, F. Medina, D. Medina-Roque, M. Navarro, N. Panadero, I. Pastor, M. C. Rodríguez and TJ-II Team, 30th IAEA Fusion Energy Conference, Chengdu, China (2025) Poster.


[3] Impact of Li-granule injection on the improvement of energy transport and the expulsion of impurities in the LHD heliotron, D. Medina-Roque, K. J. McCarthy, N. Tamura, I. García-Cortés, K. Tanaka, F. Nespoli, M. Shoji, S. Masuzaki, H. Funaba, C. Suzuki, A. Mollen, R. Lunsford, K. Ida, M. Yoshinuma, M. Goto, Y. Kawamoto, T. Kawate, T. Tokuzawa, I. Yamada and the LHD Experimental Team, 30th IAEA Fusion Energy Conference, Chengdu, China (2025).
[8] Impact of Li-granule injection on the improvement of energy transport and the expulsion of impurities in the LHD heliotron, D. Medina-Roque, K. J. McCarthy, N. Tamura, I. García-Cortés, K. Tanaka, F. Nespoli, M. Shoji, S. Masuzaki, H. Funaba, C. Suzuki, A. Mollen, R. Lunsford, K. Ida, M. Yoshinuma, M. Goto, Y. Kawamoto, T. Kawate, T. Tokuzawa, I. Yamada and the LHD Experimental Team, 30th IAEA Fusion Energy Conference, Chengdu, China (2025) Poster.


[4] Confinement modelling pf enhanced plasma performance after multiple pellet injections into the TJ-II stellarator, V. Tribaldos, I. García-Cortés, K. J. McCarthy, D. Medina-Roque, A. Baciero, T. Estrada, D. López-Bruna, F. Medina, B. van Milligen, J. L. de Pablos, N. Panadero, I. Pastor, J. de la Riva and TJ-II Team, J. M. Reynolds-Barredo, O. O. Chmyga, O. S. Kozachok, 30th IAEA Fusion Energy Conference, Chengdu, China (2025).
[9] Confinement modelling pf enhanced plasma performance after multiple pellet injections into the TJ-II stellarator, V. Tribaldos, I. García-Cortés, K. J. McCarthy, D. Medina-Roque, A. Baciero, T. Estrada, D. López-Bruna, F. Medina, B. van Milligen, J. L. de Pablos, N. Panadero, I. Pastor, J. de la Riva and TJ-II Team, J. M. Reynolds-Barredo, O. O. Chmyga, O. S. Kozachok, 30th IAEA Fusion Energy Conference, Chengdu, China (2025).


[5] Transport in high-performance plasmas in the TJ-II stellarator: from first-principles simulations to experimental validation, J. M. García-Regaña, …, J. M. Fontdecaba, …, I. García-Cortés, …, J. Hernández-Sánchez, …,  B. López-Miranda, …, K. J. McCarthy, …, D. Medina-Roque, P. Méndez, … N. Panadero, …, N. Tamura et al., 30th IAEA Fusion Energy Conference, Chengdu, China (2025).
[10] Transport in high-performance plasmas in the TJ-II stellarator: from first-principles simulations to experimental validation, J. M. García-Regaña, …, J. M. Fontdecaba, …, I. García-Cortés, …, J. Hernández-Sánchez, …,  B. López-Miranda, …, K. J. McCarthy, …, D. Medina-Roque, P. Méndez, … N. Panadero, …, N. Tamura et al., 30th IAEA Fusion Energy Conference, Chengdu, China (2025).


[6] Tungsten erosion and injection investigations in the stellarator Wendelstein 7-X during OP2.2, D. Chandra-Prakash, N. Tamura, … D. Medina-Roque, … I. García-Cortés, … K. J. McCarthy, et al., 20th International Conference on Plasma-Facing Materials and Components for Fusion Applocations, Ljubljana, Slovenia (2025).
[11] Tungsten erosion and injection investigations in the stellarator Wendelstein 7-X during OP2.2, D. Chandra-Prakash, N. Tamura, … D. Medina-Roque, … I. García-Cortés, … K. J. McCarthy, et al., 20th International Conference on Plasma-Facing Materials and Components for Fusion Applocations, Ljubljana, Slovenia (2025).


[7] Characterisation of the pellet cloud drift in stellarators, G. Kocsis, J. Baldzuhn, R. Bussiahn, A. Buzás, G. Cseh, I. García-Cortés, K. J. McCarthy, D. Medina-Roque, N. Panadero, T. Szepesi, N. Tamura, M.B. Vavrik, Th. Wegner, TJ-II Team and W7-X Team, 51st EPS Conference on Plasma Physics, Vilnius, Lituania (2025).  
[12] Characterization of the pellet cloud drift in stellarators, G. Kocsis, J. Baldzuhn, R. Bussiahn, A. Buzás, G. Cseh, I. García-Cortés, K. J. McCarthy, D. Medina-Roque, N. Panadero, T. Szepesi, N. Tamura, M.B. Vavrik, Th. Wegner, TJ-II Team and W7-X Team, 51st EPS Conference on Plasma Physics, Vilnius, Lituania (2025).  


[8] Study of the density limit physics for stellarator devices by means of an energy balance model, J. Gallego, A. Alonso, A. Bustos, T. Estrada, B. López-Miranda, A. Baciero, A. Cappa, K. J. McCarthy, I. García-Cortés, J. de la Riva Villén, F. Medina, N. Panadero and the TJ-II Team, 51st EPS Conference on Plasma Physics, Vilnius, Lituania (2025).
[13] Study of the density limit physics for stellarator devices by means of an energy balance model, J. Gallego, A. Alonso, A. Bustos, T. Estrada, B. López-Miranda, A. Baciero, A. Cappa, K. J. McCarthy, I. García-Cortés, J. de la Riva Villén, F. Medina, N. Panadero and the TJ-II Team, 51st EPS Conference on Plasma Physics, Vilnius, Lituania (2025).


[9] Magnetic configuration effects on pellet fuelling in stellarators, N. Panadero, K.J. McCarthy, J. Baldzuhn, J. Hernández-Fernández, F. Köchl, G. Kocsis, A. I. Mohammed, N. Tamura, M.B. Vavrik, E. Villalobos Granados, T. Szepesi, and TJ-II and W7-X teams, 51st EPS Conference on Plasma Physics, Vilnius, Lituania (2025).
[14] Magnetic configuration effects on pellet fuelling in stellarators, N. Panadero, K.J. McCarthy, J. Baldzuhn, J. Hernández-Fernández, F. Köchl, G. Kocsis, A. I. Mohammed, N. Tamura, M.B. Vavrik, E. Villalobos Granados, T. Szepesi, and TJ-II and W7-X teams, 51st EPS Conference on Plasma Physics, Vilnius, Lituania (2025).


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