TJ-II:Confinement transitions: Difference between revisions

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Strongly driven fusion-grade plasmas often develop spontaneous (radial) narrow zones with steep gradients. This spontaneous local improvement of confinement is of fundamental importance for the operation of fusion plasmas. In fact, the important [[H-mode]] depends on it.
Strongly driven fusion-grade plasmas often develop spontaneous (radial) narrow zones with steep gradients. This spontaneous local improvement of confinement is of fundamental importance for the operation of fusion plasmas. In fact, the important [[H-mode]] depends on it.
This mechanism may also underlie the formation of [[TJ-II:Internal Transport Barriers|internal transport barriers]].
This mechanism may also underlie the formation of [[Internal Transport Barrier|internal transport barriers]].


While this phenomenon is still not completely understood, much progress has been made in recent years. It is believed that turbulent fluctuations drive sheared or zonal flows via the Reynolds Stress Mechanism.  
While this phenomenon is still not completely understood, much progress has been made in recent years. It is believed that turbulent fluctuations drive sheared or zonal flows via the [[Reynolds stress|Reynolds Stress Mechanism]].  
<ref>[http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/43/10/308 S.B. Korsholm et al, ''Reynolds stress and shear flow generation'', Plasma Phys. Control. Fusion '''43''' (2001) 1377-1395]</ref>
<ref>[[doi:10.1088/0741-3335/43/10/308|S.B. Korsholm et al, ''Reynolds stress and shear flow generation'', Plasma Phys. Control. Fusion '''43''' (2001) 1377-1395]]</ref>
This mechanism transfers energy of high-frequency drift type turbulence to low wavelength modes. The zonal flow itself is radially localized and has a very long (infinite) toroidal and poloidal wavelength. This flow then shears the turbulent eddies apart, leading to local turbulence suppression at specific radial locations, and a concomitant local reduction of transport.
This mechanism transfers energy of high-frequency drift type turbulence to low wavelength modes. The zonal flow itself is radially localized and has a very long (infinite) toroidal and poloidal wavelength. This flow then shears the turbulent eddies apart, leading to local turbulence suppression at specific radial locations, and a concomitant local reduction of transport.
<ref>[http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/5/R01 P.H. Diamond et al, ''Zonal flows in plasma - a review'', Plasma Phys. Control. Fusion '''47''' (2005) R35-R161]</ref>
<ref>[[doi:10.1088/0741-3335/47/5/R01|P.H. Diamond et al, ''Zonal flows in plasma - a review'', Plasma Phys. Control. Fusion '''47''' (2005) R35-R161]]</ref>


At [[TJ-II]], much effort has been invested in the experimental measurement and theoretical understanding of this phenomenon.
At [[TJ-II]], much effort has been invested in the experimental measurement and theoretical understanding of this phenomenon.
<ref>[http://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevLett.84.4842 P.H. Diamond et al, ''In search of the elusive zonal flow using cross-bicoherence analysis'', Phys. Rev. Lett. '''84''', 12 (2000) 4842]</ref>
<ref>[[doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.84.4842|P.H. Diamond et al, ''In search of the elusive zonal flow using cross-bicoherence analysis'', Phys. Rev. Lett. '''84''', 12 (2000) 4842]]</ref>
<ref>[http://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevLett.91.065001 C. Hidalgo et al, ''Experimental Investigation of Dynamical Coupling between Turbulent Transport and Parallel Flows in the JET Plasma-Boundary Region'', Phys. Rev. Lett. '''91''' (2003) 065001]</ref>
<ref>[[doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.91.065001|C. Hidalgo et al, ''Experimental Investigation of Dynamical Coupling between Turbulent Transport and Parallel Flows in the JET Plasma-Boundary Region'', Phys. Rev. Lett. '''91''' (2003) 065001]]</ref>
<ref>[http://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevE.70.067402 C. Hidalgo et al., ''Experimental evidence of coupling between sheared-flow development and an increase in the level of turbulence in the TJ-II stellarator'', Phys. Rev. E '''70''' (2004) 067402]</ref>
<ref>[[doi:10.1103/PhysRevE.70.067402|C. Hidalgo et al., ''Experimental evidence of coupling between sheared-flow development and an increase in the level of turbulence in the TJ-II stellarator'', Phys. Rev. E '''70''' (2004) 067402]]</ref>
<ref>[http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/6/004 M.A. Pedrosa et al., ''Threshold for sheared flow and turbulence development in the TJ-II stellarator'', Plasma Phys. Control. Fusion '''47''' (2005) 777-788 ]</ref>
<ref>[[doi:10.1088/0741-3335/46/1/018|C. Hidalgo et al, ''Improved confinement regimes induced by limiter biasing in the TJ-II stellarator'', Plasma Phys. Control. Fusion '''46''' (2004) 287-297]]</ref>
<ref>[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jnucmat.2004.10.067 E. Sánchez et al., ''On the energy transfer between flows and turbulence in the plasma boundary of fusion devices'', J. of Nuclear Materials '''337''' (2005) 296]</ref>
<ref>[[doi:10.1088/0741-3335/47/6/004|M.A. Pedrosa et al., ''Threshold for sheared flow and turbulence development in the TJ-II stellarator'', Plasma Phys. Control. Fusion '''47''' (2005) 777-788]]</ref>
<ref>[http://link.aip.org/link/?PHPAEN/13/122509/1 B.A. Carreras et al, ''Critical transition for the edge shear layer formation: Comparison of model and experiment'', Phys. Plasmas '''13''' (2006) 122509]</ref>
<ref>[[doi:10.1016/j.jnucmat.2004.10.067|E. Sánchez et al., ''On the energy transfer between flows and turbulence in the plasma boundary of fusion devices'', J. of Nuclear Materials '''337''' (2005) 296]]</ref>
<ref>[http://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevLett.96.145001 B. Gonçalves et al., ''Role of Turbulence on Edge Momentum Redistribution in the TJ-II Stellarator'', Phys. Rev. Lett. '''96''' (2006) 145001]</ref>
<ref>[[doi:10.1063/1.2405344|B.A. Carreras et al, ''Critical transition for the edge shear layer formation: Comparison of model and experiment'', Phys. Plasmas '''13''' (2006) 122509]]</ref>
<ref>[http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/48/11/115003 B.Ph. van Milligen et al, ''Bicoherence during confinement transitions in the TJ-II stellarator'', Nucl. Fusion '''48''' (2008) 115003]</ref>
<ref>[[doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.96.145001|B. Gonçalves et al., ''Role of Turbulence on Edge Momentum Redistribution in the TJ-II Stellarator'', Phys. Rev. Lett. '''96''' (2006) 145001]]</ref>
<ref>[http://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevLett.100.215003 M.A. Pedrosa et al, ''Evidence of Long-Distance Correlation of Fluctuations during Edge Transitions to Improved-Confinement Regimes in the TJ-II Stellarator'', Phys. Rev. Lett. '''100''' (2008) 215003]</ref>
<ref>[[doi:10.1088/0029-5515/48/11/115003|B.Ph. van Milligen et al, ''Bicoherence during confinement transitions in the TJ-II stellarator'', Nucl. Fusion '''48''' (2008) 115003]]</ref>
<ref>[http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/51/6/065007 I. Calvo et al, ''Zonal flows and long-distance correlations during the formation of the edge shear layer in the TJ-II stellarator'', Plasma Phys. Control. Fusion '''51''' (2009) 065007]</ref>
<ref>[[doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.100.215003|M.A. Pedrosa et al, ''Evidence of Long-Distance Correlation of Fluctuations during Edge Transitions to Improved-Confinement Regimes in the TJ-II Stellarator'', Phys. Rev. Lett. '''100''' (2008) 215003]]</ref>
<ref>[[doi:10.1088/0741-3335/51/6/065007|I. Calvo et al, ''Zonal flows and long-distance correlations during the formation of the edge shear layer in the TJ-II stellarator'', Plasma Phys. Control. Fusion '''51''' (2009) 065007]]</ref>
<ref>[[doi:10.1209/0295-5075/87/55002|C. Hidalgo et al, ''Multi-scale physics mechanisms and spontaneous edge transport  bifurcations in fusion plasmas'', Europhys. Lett. '''87''' (2009) 55002]]</ref>
<ref>[[doi:10.1088/0741-3335/51/12/124015|T. Estrada et al, ''Sheared flows and transition to improved confinement regime in the TJ-II stellarator'', Plasma Phys. Control. Fusion '''51''' (2009) 124015]]</ref>
<ref>[[doi:10.1088/0029-5515/51/11/113002|B.Ph. van Milligen et al, ''The dynamics of the formation of the edge particle transport barrier at TJ-II'', Nucl. Fusion '''51''' (2011) 113002]]</ref>


== References ==
== References ==
<references />
<references />

Latest revision as of 16:31, 23 September 2011

Strongly driven fusion-grade plasmas often develop spontaneous (radial) narrow zones with steep gradients. This spontaneous local improvement of confinement is of fundamental importance for the operation of fusion plasmas. In fact, the important H-mode depends on it. This mechanism may also underlie the formation of internal transport barriers.

While this phenomenon is still not completely understood, much progress has been made in recent years. It is believed that turbulent fluctuations drive sheared or zonal flows via the Reynolds Stress Mechanism. [1] This mechanism transfers energy of high-frequency drift type turbulence to low wavelength modes. The zonal flow itself is radially localized and has a very long (infinite) toroidal and poloidal wavelength. This flow then shears the turbulent eddies apart, leading to local turbulence suppression at specific radial locations, and a concomitant local reduction of transport. [2]

At TJ-II, much effort has been invested in the experimental measurement and theoretical understanding of this phenomenon. [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] [14] [15] [16]

References

  1. ↑ S.B. Korsholm et al, Reynolds stress and shear flow generation, Plasma Phys. Control. Fusion 43 (2001) 1377-1395
  2. ↑ P.H. Diamond et al, Zonal flows in plasma - a review, Plasma Phys. Control. Fusion 47 (2005) R35-R161
  3. ↑ P.H. Diamond et al, In search of the elusive zonal flow using cross-bicoherence analysis, Phys. Rev. Lett. 84, 12 (2000) 4842
  4. ↑ C. Hidalgo et al, Experimental Investigation of Dynamical Coupling between Turbulent Transport and Parallel Flows in the JET Plasma-Boundary Region, Phys. Rev. Lett. 91 (2003) 065001
  5. ↑ C. Hidalgo et al., Experimental evidence of coupling between sheared-flow development and an increase in the level of turbulence in the TJ-II stellarator, Phys. Rev. E 70 (2004) 067402
  6. ↑ C. Hidalgo et al, Improved confinement regimes induced by limiter biasing in the TJ-II stellarator, Plasma Phys. Control. Fusion 46 (2004) 287-297
  7. ↑ M.A. Pedrosa et al., Threshold for sheared flow and turbulence development in the TJ-II stellarator, Plasma Phys. Control. Fusion 47 (2005) 777-788
  8. ↑ E. Sánchez et al., On the energy transfer between flows and turbulence in the plasma boundary of fusion devices, J. of Nuclear Materials 337 (2005) 296
  9. ↑ B.A. Carreras et al, Critical transition for the edge shear layer formation: Comparison of model and experiment, Phys. Plasmas 13 (2006) 122509
  10. ↑ B. Gonçalves et al., Role of Turbulence on Edge Momentum Redistribution in the TJ-II Stellarator, Phys. Rev. Lett. 96 (2006) 145001
  11. ↑ B.Ph. van Milligen et al, Bicoherence during confinement transitions in the TJ-II stellarator, Nucl. Fusion 48 (2008) 115003
  12. ↑ M.A. Pedrosa et al, Evidence of Long-Distance Correlation of Fluctuations during Edge Transitions to Improved-Confinement Regimes in the TJ-II Stellarator, Phys. Rev. Lett. 100 (2008) 215003
  13. ↑ I. Calvo et al, Zonal flows and long-distance correlations during the formation of the edge shear layer in the TJ-II stellarator, Plasma Phys. Control. Fusion 51 (2009) 065007
  14. ↑ C. Hidalgo et al, Multi-scale physics mechanisms and spontaneous edge transport bifurcations in fusion plasmas, Europhys. Lett. 87 (2009) 55002
  15. ↑ T. Estrada et al, Sheared flows and transition to improved confinement regime in the TJ-II stellarator, Plasma Phys. Control. Fusion 51 (2009) 124015
  16. ↑ B.Ph. van Milligen et al, The dynamics of the formation of the edge particle transport barrier at TJ-II, Nucl. Fusion 51 (2011) 113002
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