GENE - Revision history

Hasan Ghotme at 22:19, 9 February 2026

2026-02-09T22:19:27Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 00:19, 10 February 2026
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	GENE is widely used in the international fusion research community and is considered one of the leading codes for plasma turbulence simulations. The code has been continuously developed by an international team of researchers and is designed to run on high-performance supercomputers.		GENE is widely used in the international fusion research community and is considered one of the leading codes for plasma turbulence simulations. The code has been continuously developed by an international team of researchers and is designed to run on high-performance supercomputers.

			[[File:GENE_image.jpg\|thumb\|right\|350px\|D–T The GENE code. Source: ''Gyrokinetic Electromagnetic Numerical Experiment'', [https://genecode.org/]]]

	===Purpose and Applications===		===Purpose and Applications===

Hasan Ghotme at 22:10, 9 February 2026

2026-02-09T22:10:14Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 00:10, 10 February 2026
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	==Overview==		==Overview==

	[https://genecode.org/ GENE] is a gyrokinetic turbulence code that simulates plasma behavior at very small scales comparable to the ion and electron gyroradius. The code was originally developed at the [https://www.ipp.mpg.de/ Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics] in Garching, Germany, with the first version written by [https://www.ipp.mpg.de/4159541/jenko Frank Jenko] in 1999 ~~[1]~~.		[https://genecode.org/ GENE] is a gyrokinetic turbulence code that simulates plasma behavior at very small scales comparable to the ion and electron gyroradius. The code was originally developed at the [https://www.ipp.mpg.de/ Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics] in Garching, Germany, with the first version written by [https://www.ipp.mpg.de/4159541/jenko Frank Jenko] in 1999.<ref>Jenko, F. (1999). "Development of GENE code". Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics. Retrieved from https://www.ipp.mpg.de/5295353/06_22</ref>

	GENE is widely used in the international fusion research community and is considered one of the leading codes for plasma turbulence simulations. The code has been continuously developed by an international team of researchers and is designed to run on high-performance supercomputers.		GENE is widely used in the international fusion research community and is considered one of the leading codes for plasma turbulence simulations. The code has been continuously developed by an international team of researchers and is designed to run on high-performance supercomputers.


	===Purpose and Applications===		===Purpose and Applications===
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	For electromagnetic simulations, GENE also solves Ampère's law for the parallel magnetic field perturbations.		For electromagnetic simulations, GENE also solves Ampère's law for the parallel magnetic field perturbations.


	===Turbulence Mechanisms===		===Turbulence Mechanisms===
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	* '''Kinetic Ballooning Modes (KBM)''' - pressure-driven instabilities		* '''Kinetic Ballooning Modes (KBM)''' - pressure-driven instabilities
	* '''Microtearing modes''' - electromagnetic instabilities that can tear magnetic field lines		* '''Microtearing modes''' - electromagnetic instabilities that can tear magnetic field lines


	==Numerical Methods==		==Numerical Methods==
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	===GENE-3D===		===GENE-3D===

	GENE-3D is an extension that handles the complex three-dimensional geometry of stellarators. Development of GENE-3D took approximately five years and was presented by Maurice Maurer and colleagues.~~[3]~~ Unlike the original tokamak-oriented version, GENE-3D can simulate the full ion and electron dynamics in the complex magnetic field geometry of stellarators like Wendelstein 7-X.		GENE-3D is an extension that handles the complex three-dimensional geometry of stellarators. Development of GENE-3D took approximately five years and was presented by Maurice Maurer and colleagues.<ref>Maurer, M. et al. "Promising computer simulations for stellarator plasmas". Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics. Retrieved from https://www.ipp.mpg.de/4928395/05_20</ref> Unlike the original tokamak-oriented version, GENE-3D can simulate the full ion and electron dynamics in the complex magnetic field geometry of stellarators like Wendelstein 7-X.

	===GENE-X===		===GENE-X===

	GENE-X is a full-f gyrokinetic continuum code based on the flux-coordinate independent (FCI) approach.~~[4]~~ This version was developed specifically to handle:		GENE-X is a full-f gyrokinetic continuum code based on the flux-coordinate independent (FCI) approach.<ref>"GENE-X: A full-f gyrokinetic turbulence code based on the flux-coordinate independent approach" (2021). Computer Physics Communications. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0010465521000989</ref> This version was developed specifically to handle:

	* Edge and scrape-off layer turbulence		* Edge and scrape-off layer turbulence
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	GENE-X uses unstructured, locally Cartesian grids that provide flexibility while maintaining computational efficiency. The code is capable of simulating regions from the magnetic axis, across the separatrix, and into the scrape-off layer.		GENE-X uses unstructured, locally Cartesian grids that provide flexibility while maintaining computational efficiency. The code is capable of simulating regions from the magnetic axis, across the separatrix, and into the scrape-off layer.


	==Development and Community==		==Development and Community==
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	===History===		===History===

	Frank Jenko wrote the first version of GENE in 1999 during his early postdoctoral work~~[1]~~. Since then, the code has been continuously developed and improved by an international team of researchers. Major development centers include:		Frank Jenko wrote the first version of GENE in 1999 during his early postdoctoral work.<ref>Jenko, F. (1999). "Development of GENE code". Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics. Retrieved from https://www.ipp.mpg.de/5295353/06_22</ref> Since then, the code has been continuously developed and improved by an international team of researchers. Major development centers include:

	* Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics (IPP), Garching, Germany		* Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics (IPP), Garching, Germany
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	Institutions using GENE include research centers in Germany, USA, Switzerland, France, UK, Netherlands, Italy, Japan, India, China, South Korea, and many others.		Institutions using GENE include research centers in Germany, USA, Switzerland, France, UK, Netherlands, Italy, Japan, India, China, South Korea, and many others.


	===High-Performance Computing===		===High-Performance Computing===

			GENE has been at the forefront of high-performance computing in plasma physics since the 1960s. The code is designed to run efficiently on the world's largest supercomputers. In 2022, a major project was launched with €2.14 million in EU funding to develop an exascale version of GENE, pioneering the transition to exascale supercomputers.<ref>"Nuclear fusion simulation to pioneer transition to exascale supercomputers" (2023). EUROfusion. Retrieved from https://euro-fusion.org/member-news/nuclear-fusion-simulation-to-pioneer-transition-to-exascale-supercomputers/</ref>
	GENE has been at the forefront of high-performance computing in plasma physics since the 1960s. The code is designed to run efficiently on the world's largest supercomputers. In 2022, a major project was launched with €2.14 million in EU funding to develop an exascale version of GENE, pioneering the transition to exascale supercomputers.~~[5]~~

	The goal is to create "digital twins" of fusion experiments like ITER, allowing researchers to predict plasma behavior rather than just interpret experimental results.		The goal is to create "digital twins" of fusion experiments like ITER, allowing researchers to predict plasma behavior rather than just interpret experimental results.
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	==Validation and Impact==		==Validation and Impact==

	GENE has been extensively validated against experimental measurements from major fusion devices. A landmark 2025 study demonstrated successful multi-channel validation of GENE against ASDEX Upgrade tokamak data, comparing simultaneous measurements of multiple plasma properties including turbulence amplitudes, wavenumber spectra, and cross phases.[2]		GENE has been extensively validated against experimental measurements from major fusion devices. A landmark 2025 study demonstrated successful multi-channel validation of GENE against ASDEX Upgrade tokamak data, comparing simultaneous measurements of multiple plasma properties including turbulence amplitudes, wavenumber spectra, and cross phases.<ref>"Milestone in predicting core plasma turbulence: successful multi-channel validation of the gyrokinetic code GENE" (2025). Nature Communications. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-025-56997-2</ref>

	The code has been used to:		The code has been used to:
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	==References==		==References==

	~~# Jenko, F. (1999). "Development of GENE code". Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics. Retrieved from https://www.ipp.mpg.de/5295353/06_22~~		<references/>
	~~# "Milestone in predicting core plasma turbulence: successful multi-channel validation of the gyrokinetic code GENE" (2025). Nature Communications. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-025-56997-2~~
	~~# Maurer, M. et al. "Promising computer simulations for stellarator plasmas". Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics. Retrieved from https://www.ipp.mpg.de/4928395/05_20~~
	# "GENE-X: A full-f gyrokinetic turbulence code based on the flux-coordinate independent approach" (2021). Computer Physics Communications. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0010465521000989
	# "Nuclear fusion simulation to pioneer transition to exascale supercomputers" (2023). EUROfusion. Retrieved from https://euro-fusion.org/member-news/nuclear-fusion-simulation-to-pioneer-transition-to-exascale-supercomputers/

	==External links==		==External links==
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	* [https://genecode.org/license.html GENE license & how to obtain the source]		* [https://genecode.org/license.html GENE license & how to obtain the source]
	* [https://www.iter.org ITER Organization]		* [https://www.iter.org ITER Organization]


	[[Category:Software]]		[[Category:Software]]

Hasan Ghotme: /* External links */

2026-02-09T22:06:00Z

External links

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	[[Category:~~Plasma physics]]~~		[[Category:Software]]
	~~[[Category:Nuclear fusion]]~~
	~~[[Category:Computational physics]]~~
	~~[[Category:Scientific simulation software]]~~
	~~[[Category:Physics software]]~~
	~~[[Category:Free science software~~]]

Hasan Ghotme: /* External links */

2026-02-09T22:04:09Z

External links

← Older revision		Revision as of 00:04, 10 February 2026
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	* [https://genecode.org Official GENE website]		* [https://genecode.org Official GENE website]
	* [https://www.ipp.mpg.de Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics]		* [https://www.ipp.mpg.de Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics]
	* [https://~~github~~.~~com~~/~~genestrucutretest/GENE~~ GENE ~~on GitHub~~] ~~(if available)~~		* [https://genecode.org/license.html GENE license & how to obtain the source]
	* [https://www.iter.org ITER Organization]		* [https://www.iter.org ITER Organization]

Hasan Ghotme: /* See also */

2026-02-09T22:00:13Z

Hasan Ghotme: /* See also */

2026-02-09T21:57:19Z

Hasan Ghotme at 21:56, 9 February 2026

2026-02-09T21:56:44Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 23:56, 9 February 2026
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	==Overview==		==Overview==

	GENE is a gyrokinetic turbulence code that simulates plasma behavior at very small scales comparable to the ion and electron gyroradius. The code was originally developed at the [https://www.ipp.mpg.de/ Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics] in Garching, Germany, with the first version written by [https://www.ipp.mpg.de/4159541/jenko Frank Jenko] in 1999 [1].		[https://genecode.org/ GENE] is a gyrokinetic turbulence code that simulates plasma behavior at very small scales comparable to the ion and electron gyroradius. The code was originally developed at the [https://www.ipp.mpg.de/ Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics] in Garching, Germany, with the first version written by [https://www.ipp.mpg.de/4159541/jenko Frank Jenko] in 1999 [1].

	GENE is widely used in the international fusion research community and is considered one of the leading codes for plasma turbulence simulations. The code has been continuously developed by an international team of researchers and is designed to run on high-performance supercomputers.		GENE is widely used in the international fusion research community and is considered one of the leading codes for plasma turbulence simulations. The code has been continuously developed by an international team of researchers and is designed to run on high-performance supercomputers.
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	===History===		===History===

	Frank Jenko wrote the first version of GENE in 1999 during his early postdoctoral work.[1] Since then, the code has been continuously developed and improved by an international team of researchers. Major development centers include:		Frank Jenko wrote the first version of GENE in 1999 during his early postdoctoral work[1]. Since then, the code has been continuously developed and improved by an international team of researchers. Major development centers include:

	* Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics (IPP), Garching, Germany		* Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics (IPP), Garching, Germany

Hasan Ghotme: /* Overview */

2026-02-09T21:54:41Z

Overview

← Older revision		Revision as of 23:54, 9 February 2026
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	==Overview==		==Overview==

	GENE is a gyrokinetic turbulence code that simulates plasma behavior at very small scales comparable to the ion and electron gyroradius. The code was originally developed at the [https://www.ipp.mpg.de/ Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics] in Garching, Germany, with the first version written by Frank Jenko in 1999 [1].		GENE is a gyrokinetic turbulence code that simulates plasma behavior at very small scales comparable to the ion and electron gyroradius. The code was originally developed at the [https://www.ipp.mpg.de/ Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics] in Garching, Germany, with the first version written by [https://www.ipp.mpg.de/4159541/jenko Frank Jenko] in 1999 [1].

	GENE is widely used in the international fusion research community and is considered one of the leading codes for plasma turbulence simulations. The code has been continuously developed by an international team of researchers and is designed to run on high-performance supercomputers.		GENE is widely used in the international fusion research community and is considered one of the leading codes for plasma turbulence simulations. The code has been continuously developed by an international team of researchers and is designed to run on high-performance supercomputers.

Hasan Ghotme: /* Overview */

2026-02-09T21:53:12Z

Overview

← Older revision		Revision as of 23:53, 9 February 2026
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	==Overview==		==Overview==

	GENE is a gyrokinetic turbulence code that simulates plasma behavior at very small scales comparable to the ion and electron gyroradius. The code was originally developed at the [[Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics~~\|IPP Max Planck]~~] in Garching, Germany, with the first version written by Frank Jenko in 1999 [1].		GENE is a gyrokinetic turbulence code that simulates plasma behavior at very small scales comparable to the ion and electron gyroradius. The code was originally developed at the [https://www.ipp.mpg.de/ Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics] in Garching, Germany, with the first version written by Frank Jenko in 1999 [1].

	GENE is widely used in the international fusion research community and is considered one of the leading codes for plasma turbulence simulations. The code has been continuously developed by an international team of researchers and is designed to run on high-performance supercomputers.		GENE is widely used in the international fusion research community and is considered one of the leading codes for plasma turbulence simulations. The code has been continuously developed by an international team of researchers and is designed to run on high-performance supercomputers.

Hasan Ghotme: /* Overview */

2026-02-09T21:52:20Z

Overview

← Older revision		Revision as of 23:52, 9 February 2026
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	==Overview==		==Overview==

	GENE is a gyrokinetic turbulence code that simulates plasma behavior at very small scales comparable to the ion and electron gyroradius. The code was originally developed at the [[Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics]] ~~(IPP)~~ in Garching, Germany, with the first version written by Frank Jenko in 1999 [1].		GENE is a gyrokinetic turbulence code that simulates plasma behavior at very small scales comparable to the ion and electron gyroradius. The code was originally developed at the [[Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics\|IPP Max Planck]] in Garching, Germany, with the first version written by Frank Jenko in 1999 [1].

	GENE is widely used in the international fusion research community and is considered one of the leading codes for plasma turbulence simulations. The code has been continuously developed by an international team of researchers and is designed to run on high-performance supercomputers.		GENE is widely used in the international fusion research community and is considered one of the leading codes for plasma turbulence simulations. The code has been continuously developed by an international team of researchers and is designed to run on high-performance supercomputers.

← Older revision		Revision as of 00:00, 10 February 2026
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	* [[Gyrokinetic simulations]]		* [[Gyrokinetic simulations]]
	* [[Plasma ~~(physics)~~]]		* [[Plasma Physics at the LNF]]
	* [[Nuclear fusion]]		* [[Nuclear fusion]]
	* [[Tokamak]]		* [[Tokamak]]
	* [[Stellarator]]		* [[Stellarator]]
	* [[ITER]]		* [[ITER]]
	* [[~~Max Planck Institute for~~ Plasma ~~Physics~~]]		* [[Plasma simulation]]
	* [[~~Computational plasma physics]]~~		* [[MHD equilibrium]]
	* [[Magnetohydrodynamics]]

	==References==		==References==

← Older revision		Revision as of 23:57, 9 February 2026
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	==See also==		==See also==

	* [[~~Gyrokinetics~~]]		* [[Gyrokinetic simulations]]
	* [[Plasma (physics)]]		* [[Plasma (physics)]]
	* [[Nuclear fusion]]		* [[Nuclear fusion]]