Plasma Physics is the main research topic at the [[Laboratorio Nacional de Fusión]].

== Research topics ==

=== Experiment ===
* [[TJ-II:Transport and magnetic configuration|Transport and magnetic configuration]], iota effects
* [[TJ-II:Confinement transitions|Confinement transitions]], zonal flows
* [[TJ-II:Internal Transport Barriers|Internal Transport Barriers]]
* [[TJ-II:Plasma Wall Interaction|Plasma Wall Interaction]]
* [[TJ-II:Impurity transport|Impurity transport]]
* [[TJ-II:Instabilities|Instabilities]]
* [[TJ-II:Turbulence|Turbulence]]

=== Theory ===

* [[Neoclassical transport]]
* [[Self-Organised Criticality]]
* [[Non-diffusive transport]]
* [[EUTERPE|Gyrokinetic simulations]]
* [[TJ-II:Divertor|Divertor studies for TJ-II]]
* [[Topology and transport] [Topology and transport (research project funded by the Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación)]]

== Research summaries ==

* [http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/41/3A/047 C. Alejaldre et al, ''First plasmas in the TJ-II flexible Heliac'', Plasma Phys. Control. Fusion '''41''' (1999) A539-A548]
* [http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/41/10/312 C. Alejaldre et al, ''Review of confinement and transport studies in the TJ-II flexible heliac'', Nucl. Fusion '''41''' (2001) 1449-1457]
* [http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0920-3796(01)00237-X E. Ascasíbar et al, ''Overview of TJ-II flexible heliac results'', Fusion Engineering and Design '''56-57''' (2001) 145-154]
* [http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/44/12B/322 E. Ascasíbar et al, ''Confinement and stability on the TJ-II stellarator'', Plasma Phys. Control. Fusion '''44''' (2002) B307-B322]
* [http://link.aip.org/link/?APCPCS/669/162/1 F. Castejón et al, ''Transport Properties in the TJ-II Flexible Heliac'', AIP Conf. Proc. '''669''' (2003) 162-165]
* [http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/45/10/S22 C. Hidalgo et al, ''Overview of TJ-II experiments'', Nucl. Fusion '''45''' (2005) S266-S275]
* [http://link.aip.org/link/?APCPCS/875/357/1 D. López-Bruna et al, ''Overview of TJ-II experiments'', AIP Conf. Proc. '''875''' (2006) 357-362]
* [http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/10/S16 J. Sánchez et al, ''Overview of TJ-II experiments'', Nucl. Fusion '''47''' (2007) S677-S685]
* [http://www-pub.iaea.org/MTCD/Meetings/FEC2008/ov_4-5.pdf J. Sánchez et al, ''Overview of TJ-II experiments'', Proc. Fusion Energy Conf. (2008)]

2010-01-27T11:27:26Z

Icalvo:

The aim of this page is to introduce and report progress on the activities included in the research project ''Influence of global flows and their topology on transport in turbulent plasmas'', funded by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation through the grant ENE2009-07247. The members of the research team are:

* Iván Calvo (Principal Investigator), Laboratorio Nacional de Fusión, Asociación EURATOM-CIEMAT, Madrid,
* Benjamín Carreras, BACV Solutions Inc., Oak Ridge, Tennessee & University of Alaska,
* Irene Llerena, Universidad de Barcelona,
* Edilberto Sánchez, Laboratorio Nacional de Fusión, Asociación EURATOM-CIEMAT, Madrid,
* Guillermo Sánchez Burillo, Laboratorio Nacional de Fusión, Asociación EURATOM-CIEMAT, Madrid,
* Boudewijn van Milligen, Laboratorio Nacional de Fusión, Asociación EURATOM-CIEMAT, Madrid,

and this is a list of frequent collaborators (whose work is not directly funded by the above grant):

* Francisco Castejón, Laboratorio Nacional de Fusión, Asociación EURATOM-CIEMAT, Madrid,
* Fernando Falceto, Universidad de Zaragoza,
* Luis García, Universidad Carlos III, Madrid,
* Carlos Hidalgo, Laboratorio Nacional de Fusión, Asociación EURATOM-CIEMAT, Madrid,
* M. Ángeles Pedrosa, Laboratorio Nacional de Fusión, Asociación EURATOM-CIEMAT, Madrid,
* Raúl Sánchez, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee & Universidad Carlos III, Madrid.

The aim of this proposal is to advance in the understanding of turbulent transport in
magnetically confined fusion plasmas by studying the topology and dynamics of global flows. We will
tackle concrete problems in three broad research areas of toroidally confined plasmas: topology of
structures in the presence of turbulence (or, in short, "the topology of flows"), non-diffusive transport,
and transitions to improved confinement regimes. Below, we summarize the concrete
objectives in each of the aforementioned research lines, as well as progress made to date.

== Topology of flows ==

Our long-term aim is to develop a set of diagnostics to characterize the
topological structures in fluid and particle models of a turbulent plasma. In the frame of this project,
and during the next three years, we plan to study the problem in pressure-gradient-driven turbulence,
with a possible extension to gyrokinetic models. For this we will make use of Computational
Homology. An important tool will be the software developed by the Computational Homology Project
(CHomP, see http://chomp.rutgers.edu) which, in particular, computes some topological invariants
(the Betti numbers) of three-dimensional spaces. We will investigate the possibility of developing or
using other tools which allow to improve the numerical resolution of the calculations.

== Non-diffusive transport ==

Turbulent flows induce non-collisional transport in plasmas. The
final goal is to understand in a precise way the origin and implications of the non-Gaussian and non-
Markovian character of transport in certain dynamical and topological conditions of those turbulent
flows. We will try to make progress in the answer to questions such as: a) The relationship between
the topology of flows and the presence of non-diffusive transport. b) The connection between the
statistical properties of turbulence and the description by means of stochastic and kinetic equations of
particle transport. c) Find out whether there exists a mathematical framework in which one can derive
linear, fractional diffusion equations (in particular non-local) from non-linear, partial differential
equations (in particular local).

== Transitions to improved confinement regimes ==

The generation of global flows allows to
have regimes with enhanced confinement. We will study the importance of the interaction between
disparate spatio-temporal scales in the generation of sheared flows and the concomitant turbulence
reduction. Our work will be based on recent experimental results in TJ-II. We will use topological
techniques in phase space to gain insight into the dynamics of models with multiple states.

== Cosica 4 ==

Topology and transport

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Icalvo:

Topology and transport

2010-01-27T11:17:21Z

Icalvo:

2009-07-16T22:28:31Z

Icalvo:

Plasma Physics is the main research topic at LNF.

== Research topics ==

=== Experiment ===
* [[TJ-II:Transport and the magnetic configuration|Transport and the magnetic configuration]], iota effects
* [[TJ-II:Confinement transitions|Confinement transitions]], zonal flows
* [[TJ-II:Plasma Wall Interaction|Plasma Wall Interaction]]
* [[TJ-II:Turbulence|Turbulence]]

=== Theory ===

* [[Neoclassical transport]]
* [[Self-Organised Criticality]]
* [[Non-diffusive transport]]
* [[Gyrokinetic simulations]]

== Pedagogical material ==

LNF:Plasma Physics

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Icalvo:

LNF:Plasma Physics

2009-07-16T22:06:39Z

Icalvo: /* Research lines */

Main Page

2009-07-14T16:43:37Z

Icalvo:

Laboratorio Nacional de Fusión

2009-07-14T16:24:08Z

Icalvo:

The National Fusion Laboratory is part of [http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/CIEMAT CIEMAT].

The laboratory is dedicated to the development of fusion by magnetic confinement as a future energy generation option.
Research is mainly centered on the [[TJ-II|Flexible Heliac TJ-II]], and on materials studies.

The Laboratory also participates in many international projects, such as [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITER ITER].

== External Links ==

[http://www-fusion.ciemat.es Website of the Laboratorio Nacional de Fusión]

[http://www.ciemat.es/ Website of CIEMAT]

Laboratorio Nacional de Fusión

2009-07-14T16:23:54Z

Icalvo:

Laboratorio Nacional de Fusión

2009-07-14T16:21:35Z

Icalvo:

The National Fusion Laboratory is part of [http://www.ciemat.es/ CIEMAT].

The laboratory is dedicated to the development of fusion by magnetic confinement as a future energy generation option.
Research is mainly centered on the [[TJ-II|Flexible Heliac TJ-II]], and on materials studies.

The Laboratory also participates in many international projects, such as [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITER ITER].

== External Links ==

[http://www-fusion.ciemat.es Website of the Laboratorio Nacional de Fusión]

TJ-II

2009-07-14T16:08:57Z

Icalvo:

TJ-II is a flexible Heliac installed at Spain's [[Laboratorio Nacional de Fusión|National Fusion Laboratory]]. It is currently operational.

[[File:TJ-II_3D_perspective.jpg|300px|thumb|right|TJ-II perspective view]]

== History ==

The flexible Heliac TJ-II was designed on the basis of calculations performed by the team of physicists and engineers of [[CIEMAT]], in collaboration with the Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL, USA) and the Institut für PlasmaPhysik at Garching (IPP, Germany). The TJ-II project received preferential support from [[Euratom]] for phase I (Physics) in 1986 and for phase II (Engineering) in 1990. The construction of this flexible Heliac was carried out in parts according to its constitutive elements, which were commissioned to various European companies, although 60% of the investments reverted back to Spanish companies.

The first plasma was produced in 1999.

== Precedents ==

TJ-II is the third magnetic confinement device in a series. In 1983, the device [[TJ-I]] was taken into operation.
The denomination of this device is due to the abbreviation of "Tokamak de la [[Junta de Energía Nuclear]]", this being the former denomination of [[CIEMAT]]. The abbreviation was maintained for successive devices for administrative reasons.

In 1994, the torsatron [[TJ-IU]] was taken into operation. This was the first magnetic confinement device entirely built in Spain. Currently, [[TJ-IU]] is located at the [http://www.ipf.uni-stuttgart.de/index_e.html University of Stuttgart] in Germany under the name of [[TJ-K]].

== Description ==

In TJ-II, the magnetic trap is obtained by means of various sets of coils that completely determine the magnetic surfaces before plasma initiation. The toroidal field is created by 32 coils. The tree-dimensional twist of the central axis of the configuration is generated by means of two central coils: one circular and one helical. The horizontal position of the plasma is controlled by the vertical field coils. The combined action of these magnetic fields generate bean-shaped magnetic surfaces that guide the particles of the plasma so that they do not collide with the vacuum vessel wall.

TJ-II discharges last around 0.25 s, with a repetition frequency of about 7 minutes.

== Goals ==

The objective of the experimental program of TJ-II is to investigate the physics of a device with a helical magnetic axis having a great flexibility in its magnetic configuration, and to contribute to the international effort regarding the study of magnetic confinement devices for fusion.

[[File:TJII_model.jpg|350px|thumb|center|TJ-II Model]]

== Operation ==

The electric energy required for a TJ-II discharge is obtained from a [[TJ-II:flywheel generator|flywheel generator]].
The coils are cooled by means of a [[TJ-II:cooling system|cooling system]].

== Heating and fuelling ==

In order to heat and fuel the TJ-II plasma, the following heating systems are used:
* [[TJ-II:Electron Cyclotron Resonant Heating|Electron Cyclotron Resonant Heating]] (ECH, 2 injection beamlines, 600 kW)
* [[TJ-II:Neutral Beam Injection|Neutral Beam Injection]] (NBI, two injectors, up to 4 MW)
* [[TJ-II:Gas puff|Gas puff]]
* [[TJ-II:Pellet injector|Pellet injector]]

== Control and data acquisition ==

The [[TJ-II:Control and data acquisition systems|Control and data acquisition systems]] were designed end developed at CIEMAT.

== Diagnostics ==

TJ-II is fitted with an extensive set of diagnostic systems. For information on their physical location, see
[[TJ-II:Sectors|TJ-II Sectors]].
* [[TJ-II:Halpha monitors|Halpha monitors]]
* [[TJ-II:Mirnov coils|Mirnov coils]]
* [[TJ-II:Interferometry|Interferometry]]
* [[TJ-II:Reflectometry|Reflectometry]]
* [[TJ-II:Electron Cyclotron Emission|Electron Cyclotron Emission]]
* [[TJ-II:Soft X-ray Tomography|Soft X-ray Tomography]]
* [[TJ-II:Bolometry|Bolometry]]
* [[TJ-II:Heavy Ion Beam Probe|Heavy Ion Beam Probe]]
* [[TJ-II:Langmuir Probes|Langmuir Probes]]
* [[TJ-II:Spectroscopy|Spectroscopy]]
* [[TJ-II:Charge exchange spectroscopy|Charge exchange spectroscopy]]
* [[TJ-II:Thomson Scattering|Thomson Scattering]]
* [[TJ-II:Helium Beam|Helium Beam]]
* [[TJ-II:Fast camera|Fast camera]]

== Numerical resources ==

=== Simulation codes ===
* [[VMEC]] - 3D Plasma equilibrium, assuming nested flux surfaces
* [[PIES]] - 3D Plasma equilibrium
* [[ASTRA]] - Plasma transport
* [[PROCTR]] - Plasma transport
* [[EIRENE]]
* [[FAFNER]]
* [[CUTIE]] - Full-tokamak fluid turbulence
* [[MOCA]] - Monte Carlo Neoclassical transport code
* [[Master]] - 1D Master Equation solver for non-diffusive transport

=== Data analysis ===
* [[Wave_ana]] - Linear and non-linear data analysis, spectral analysis using Fourier and Wavelets
* [[EBITA]] - Tomographic reconstruction
* [[TJII:Tomography|Tomography]] - Tomographic reconstruction based on mode decomposition in flux surface geometry
* [[TJII:FM|FM]] - Density reconstruction for the reflectometer

== Research Lines ==

=== Experiment ===
Some research topics at TJ-II are:
* [[TJ-II:Transport and the magnetic configuration|Transport and the magnetic configuration]]
* [[TJ-II:Confinement transitions|Confinement transitions]]
* [[TJ-II:Plasma Wall Interaction|Plasma Wall Interaction]]

=== Theory ===

TJ-II

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Icalvo: /* Goals */

TJ-II is a flexible Heliac installed at Spain's [[Laboratorio Nacional de Fusión|National Fusion Laboratory]]. It is currently operational.

== History ==

The flexible Heliac TJ-II was designed on the basis of calculations performed by the team of physicists and engineers of [[CIEMAT]], in collaboration with the Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL, USA) and the Institut für PlasmaPhysik at Garching (IPP, Germany). The TJ-II project received preferential support from [[Euratom]] for phase I (Physics) in 1986 and for phase II (Engineering) in 1990. The construction of this flexible Heliac was carried out in parts according to its constitutive elements, which were commissioned to various European companies, although 60% of the investments reverted back to Spanish companies.

The first plasma was produced in 1999.

== Precedents ==

TJ-II is the third magnetic confinement device in a series. In 1983, the device [[TJ-I]] was taken into operation.
The denomination of this device is due to the abbreviation of "Tokamak de la [[Junta de Energía Nuclear]]", this being the former denomination of [[CIEMAT]]. The abbreviation was maintained for successive devices for administrative reasons.

In 1994, the torsatron [[TJ-IU]] was taken into operation. This was the first magnetic confinement device entirely built in Spain. Currently, [[TJ-IU]] is located at the [http://www.ipf.uni-stuttgart.de/index_e.html University of Stuttgart] in Germany under the name of [[TJ-K]].

== Description ==

In TJ-II, the magnetic trap is obtained by means of various sets of coils that completely determine the magnetic surfaces before plasma initiation. The toroidal field is created by 32 coils. The tree-dimensional twist of the central axis of the configuration is generated by means of two central coils: one circular and one helical. The horizontal position of the plasma is controlled by the vertical field coils. The combined action of these magnetic fields generate bean-shaped magnetic surfaces that guide the particles of the plasma so that they do not collide with the vacuum vessel wall.

TJ-II discharges last around 0.25 s, with a repetition frequency of about 7 minutes.

== Goals ==

The objective of the experimental program of TJ-II is to investigate the physics of a device with a helical magnetic axis having a great flexibility in its magnetic configuration, and to contribute to the international effort regarding the study of magnetic confinement devices for fusion.

[[File:TJII_model.jpg]]

== Operation ==

The electric energy required for a TJ-II discharge is obtained from a [[TJ-II:flywheel generator|flywheel generator]].
The coils are cooled by means of a [[TJ-II:cooling system|cooling system]].

== Heating and fuelling ==

In order to heat and fuel the TJ-II plasma, the following heating systems are used:
* [[TJ-II:Electron Cyclotron Resonant Heating|Electron Cyclotron Resonant Heating]] (ECH, 2 injection beamlines, 600 kW)
* [[TJ-II:Neutral Beam Injection|Neutral Beam Injection]] (NBI, two injectors, up to 4 MW)
* [[TJ-II:Gas puff|Gas puff]]
* [[TJ-II:Pellet injector|Pellet injector]]

== Control and data acquisition ==

The [[TJ-II:Control and data acquisition systems|Control and data acquisition systems]] were designed end developed at CIEMAT.

== Diagnostics ==

TJ-II is fitted with an extensive set of diagnostic systems. For information on their physical location, see
[[TJ-II:Sectors|TJ-II Sectors]].
* [[TJ-II:Halpha detectors|Halpha detectors]]
* [[TJ-II:Mirnov coils|Mirnov coils]]
* [[TJ-II:Interferometry|Interferometry]]
* [[TJ-II:Reflectometry|Reflectometry]]
* [[TJ-II:Electron Cyclotron Emission|Electron Cyclotron Emission]]
* [[TJ-II:Soft X-ray Tomography|Soft X-ray Tomography]]
* [[TJ-II:Bolometry|Bolometry]]
* [[TJ-II:Heavy Ion Beam Probe|Heavy Ion Beam Probe]]
* [[TJ-II:Langmuir Probes|Langmuir Probes]]
* [[TJ-II:Spectroscopy|Spectroscopy]]
* [[TJ-II:Charge exchange spectroscopy|Charge exchange spectroscopy]]
* [[TJ-II:Thomson Scattering|Thomson Scattering]]
* [[TJ-II:Helium Beam|Helium Beam]]
* [[TJ-II:Fast camera|Fast camera]]

== Numerical resources ==

=== Simulation codes ===
* [[VMEC]] - 3D Plasma equilibrium, assuming nested flux surfaces
* [[PIES]] - 3D Plasma equilibrium
* [[ASTRA]] - Plasma transport
* [[PROCTR]] - Plasma transport
* [[EIRENE]]
* [[FAFNER]]
* [[CUTIE]] - Full-tokamak fluid turbulence
* [[MOCA]] - Monte Carlo Neoclassical transport code
* [[Master]] - 1D Master Equation solver for non-diffusive transport

=== Data analysis ===
* [[Wave_ana]] - Linear and non-linear data analysis, spectral analysis using Fourier and Wavelets
* [[EBITA]] - Tomographic reconstruction
* [[TJII:Tomography|Tomography]] - Tomographic reconstruction based on mode decomposition in flux surface geometry
* [[TJII:FM|FM]] - Density reconstruction for the reflectometer

== Research ==

Some research topics at TJ-II are:
* [[TJ-II:Transport and the magnetic configuration|Transport and the magnetic configuration]]
* [[TJ-II:Confinement transitions|Confinement transitions]]
* [[TJ-II:Plasma Wall Interaction|Plasma Wall Interaction]]

File:TJII model.jpg

2009-07-14T09:30:23Z

Icalvo: